TABLE 1.
Frequency and percent occurrence of various characteristics in dogs with Enterococcus or Escherichia coli UTI. The P‐value given assesses overall significance (via likelihood ratio test) of the characteristic among levels of a given categorical factor; estimated odds ratios (Est. OR) show increase (or decrease) in the odds associated with Enterococcus infection for each level of a given factor relative to the indicated reference level, or relative to the geometric mean of the odds (GM odds) for factors with several levels where a definitive reference would otherwise be arbitrary
| Characteristic, n (%) | P‐value | Case (n = 70) | Control (n = 70) | Est. OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | .59 | ||||
| GM odds = 1.038:1 | |||||
| (4,10] | 17 (24.3) | 19 (27.1) | 0.862 | 0.483, 1.531 | |
| (10,20] | 16 (22.9) | 10 (14.3) | 1.542 | 0.809, 3.029 | |
| (20,30] | 17 (24.3) | 21 (30.0) | 0.780 | 0.440, 1.371 | |
| (30,80] | 20 (28.6) | 20 (28.6) | 0.964 | 0.552, 1.681 | |
| Sex | .23 | ||||
| GM odds = 0.700:1 | |||||
| Male/intact | 3 (4.3) | 6 (8.6) | 0.715 | 0.212, 2.071 | |
| Female/intact | 6 (8.6) | 11 (15.7) | 0.780 | 0.317, 1.829 | |
| Female/spayed | 54 (77.1) | 43 (61.4) | 1.795 | 1.020, 3.250 | |
| Male/neutered | 7 (10.0) | 10 (14.3) | 1.000 | 0.420, 2.334 | |
| Other bacteria detected | .24 | ||||
| 0 | 39 (55.7) | 46 (65.7) | Ref | ||
| 1 | 27 (38.6) | 23 (32.9) | 1.385 | 0.688, 2.807 | |
| 2 | 4 (5.7) | 1 (1.4) | 4.718 | 0.664, 94.30 | |
| Resistance pattern | .33 | ||||
| No resistance | 20 (28.6) | 28 (40.0) | Ref | ||
| Resistant to 1 class | 19 (27.1) | 21 (30.0) | 1.267 | 0.544, 2.966 | |
| Resistant to 2 classes | 12 (17.1) | 9 (12.9) | 1.867 | 0.666, 5.396 | |
| Resistant to 3+ classes | 19 (27.1) | 12 (17.1) | 2.217 | 0.891, 5.694 | |
| Infection type | .04 | ||||
| New infection | 26 (39.4) | 39 (57.4) | Ref | ||
| Recurrent | 40 (60.6) | 29 (42.6) | 2.070 | 1.040, 4.160 | |
| Clinical signs of LUTD | .21 | ||||
| No | 30 (44.8) | 24 (34.3) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 37 (55.2) | 46 (65.7) | 0.640 | 0.320, 1.280 | |
| Antibiotic Tx within 30d before presentation | .18 | ||||
| No | 44 (63.8) | 52 (74.3) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 25 (36.2) | 18 (25.7) | 1.640 | 0.800, 3.430 | |
| History of urinary catheterization | .23 | ||||
| No | 56 (84.8) | 64 (91.4) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 10 (15.2) | 6 (8.6) | 1.900 | 0.660, 5.910 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | .70 | ||||
| No | 67 (95.7) | 66 (94.3) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 3 (4.3) | 4 (5.7) | 0.740 | 0.140, 3.470 | |
| Hyperadrenocorticism | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 65 (92.9) | 65 (92.9) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 5 (7.1) | 5 (7.1) | 1.000 | 0.270, 3.750 | |
| Steroid treatment | .03 | ||||
| No | 64 (91.4) | 55 (78.6) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 6 (8.6) | 15 (21.4) | 0.340 | 0.120, 0.910 | |
| Immunosuppressive Tx | .44 | ||||
| No | 54 (77.1) | 50 (71.4) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 16 (22.9) | 20 (28.6) | 0.740 | 0.340, 1.580 | |
| Kidney disease | .77 | ||||
| No | 63 (90.0) | 64 (91.4) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 7 (10.0) | 6 (8.6) | 1.190 | 0.370, 3.870 | |
| Uroliths | .01 | ||||
| No | 54 (81.8) | 68 (97.1) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 12 (18.2) | 2 (2.9) | 7.560 | 1.950, 49.89 | |
| Urinary incontinence | .20 | ||||
| No | 41 (61.2) | 50 (71.4) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 26 (38.8) | 20 (28.6) | 1.590 | 0.780, 3.270 | |
| LUT neoplasia | .04 | ||||
| No | 63 (91.3) | 69 (98.6) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 6 (8.7) | 1 (1.4) | 6.570 | 1.080, 125.9 | |
| Ataxia neurologic | .32 | ||||
| No | 47 (68.1) | 53 (75.7) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 22 (31.9) | 17 (24.3) | 1.460 | 0.700, 3.100 | |
| Ataxia orthopedic | .44 | ||||
| No | 58 (84.1) | 62 (88.6) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 11 (15.9) | 8 (11.4) | 1.470 | 0.560, 4.040 | |
| Noted LUT anatomic abnormalities | .02 | ||||
| No | 52 (75.4) | 63 (90.0) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 17 (24.6) | 7 (10.0) | 2.940 | 1.170, 8.110 | |
| USG category | .04 | ||||
| GM odds = 1.381:1 | |||||
| (1.000, 1.015] | 10 (20.4) | 20 (36.4) | 0.362 | 0.143, 0.785 | |
| (1.015, 1.030] | 21 (42.9) | 26 (47.3) | 0.585 | 0.246, 1.175 | |
| (1.030, 1.045] | 12 (24.5) | 8 (14.5) | 1.086 | 0.413, 2.605 | |
| (1.045, +++] | 6 (12.2) | 1 (1.8) | 4.345 | 1.104, 40.05 | |
| Proteinuria | .12 | ||||
| No | 19 (39.6) | 30 (54.5) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 29 (60.4) | 25 (45.5) | 1.830 | 0.840, 4.060 | |
| Hematuria (on dipstick) | .61 | ||||
| No | 27 (55.1) | 33 (60.0) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 22 (44.9) | 22 (40.0) | 1.220 | 0.560, 2.680 | |
| Pyuria (on sediment) | .02 | ||||
| No | 22 (46.8) | 14 (25.5) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 25 (53.2) | 41 (74.5) | 0.390 | 0.170, 0.880 | |
| Epithelial cells (on sediment) | .61 | ||||
| No | 16 (34.0) | 21 (38.9) | Ref | ||
| Yes | 31 (66.0) | 33 (61.1) | 1.230 | 0.550, 2.810 |
Abbreviations: LUT, lower urinary tract; LUTD, lower urinary tract disease; Ref, reference value; tx, treatment.