Table 1.
General characteristics of study subjects by sex.
| Men | Women | p-Value 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 5318 (39.4) | 8167 (60.6) | <0.001 |
| Demographic factors, n (%) | |||
| Age | <0.001 | ||
| 30–39 years | 1695 (31.9) | 2476 (30.3) | |
| 40–49 years | 1673 (31.5) | 2839 (34.8) | |
| 50–64 years | 1950 (36.7) | 2852 (34.9) | |
| Household income | 0.012 | ||
| Lowest | 358 (6.8) | 653 (8.0) | |
| Low middle | 1207 (22.8) | 1940 (23.8) | |
| High middle | 1789 (33.8) | 2637 (32.4) | |
| Highest | 1946 (36.7) | 2916 (35.8) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||
| ≤Elementary school | 300 (6.2) | 608 (7.9) | |
| Middle school | 374 (7.7) | 691 (9.0) | |
| High school | 1564 (32.1) | 2881 (37.4) | |
| ≥College/University | 2630 (54.0) | 3531 (45.8) | |
| Health behaviors, n (%) | |||
| Drinking | <0.001 | ||
| ≤1/month | 1597 (32.3) | 4304 (59.5) | |
| ≥2/month | 3345 (67.7) | 2934 (40.5) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | ||
| Non-smoker | 2930 (57.3) | 7558 (94.7) | |
| Current smoker | 2180 (42.7) | 425 (5.3) | |
| Physical activity | <0.001 | ||
| ≤1/week | 3190 (65.6) | 5603 (72.7) | |
| ≥2/week | 1673 (34.4) | 2104 (27.3) | |
| Nutrient intake (mean ± SE) | |||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2436.9 ± 13.6 | 1760.6 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 347.6 ± 2.0 | 274.4 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/day) | 87.6 ± 0.6 | 63.3 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Plant protein (g/day) | 40.9 ± 0.3 | 32.2 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Animal protein (g/day) | 46.6 ± 0.6 | 31.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/day) | 56.2 ± 0.5 | 41.7 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat (g/day) | 16.8 ± 0.2 | 12.4 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g/day) | 18.2 ± 0.2 | 13.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g/day) | 13.8 ± 0.1 | 10.5 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| % Energy from (%E) | |||
| Carbohydrate | 58.8 ± 0.2 | 63.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Protein | 14.4 ± 0.1 | 14.4 ± 0.1 | 0.637 |
| Plant protein | 6.9 ± 0.0 | 7.4 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Animal protein | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Fat | 20.1 ± 0.1 | 20.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat | 6.0 ± 0.0 | 6.2 ± 0.0 | 0.013 |
| Monounsaturated fat | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 6.6 ± 0.0 | 0.081 |
| Polyunsaturated fat | 5.0 ± 0.0 | 5.2 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
1p-values derived from chi-squared test for categorical variables and Student’s t-test for continuous variables represent differences between men and women.