Table 4.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for metabolic syndrome parameters 1 according to quintiles of plant and animal protein intake in Korean adults aged 30–64 years.
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | p for Trend 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | ||||||
| Plant protein intake (n = 5318) | 1063 | 1064 | 1064 | 1064 | 1063 | |
| Median intake (g/day) | 22.2 ± 0.2 | 31.2 ± 0.1 | 39.0 ± 0.1 | 47.8 ± 0.2 | 62.5 ± 0.4 | |
| Median intake (%E) | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.1 | |
| Abdominal obesity | Ref | 0.88 (0.70–1.09) | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 0.313 |
| Elevated TG | Ref | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 0.94 (0.71–1.23) | 0.423 |
| Reduced HDL-C | Ref | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 0.75 (0.58–0.96) | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) | 0.90 (0.66–1.24) | 0.678 |
| Increased blood pressure | Ref | 0.79 (0.64–0.98) | 0.75 (0.60–0.93) | 0.79 (0.63–1.00) | 0.71 (0.54–0.94) | 0.047 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | Ref | 0.91 (0.73–1.14) | 0.99 (0.79–1.24) | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 0.98 (0.75–1.30) | 0.818 |
| Metabolic syndrome | Ref | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 0.77 (0.61–0.99) | 0.84 (0.65–1.10) | 0.90 (0.67–1.20) | 0.574 |
| Animal protein intake (n = 5277) | 1055 | 1056 | 1055 | 1056 | 1055 | |
| Median intake (g/day) | 11.4 ± 0.3 | 25.3 ± 0.2 | 37.0 ± 0.3 | 53.9 ± 0.3 | 88.4 ± 1.3 | |
| Median intake (%E) | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 8.6 ± 0.1 | 12.1 ± 0.2 | |
| Abdominal obesity | Ref | 1.32 (1.05–1.68) | 1.15 (0.90–1.46) | 1.41 (1.11–1.81) | 1.30 (1.00–1.70) | 0.101 |
| Elevated TG | Ref | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) | 0.414 |
| Reduced HDL-C | Ref | 1.24 (0.98–1.56) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.54 (1.19–2.00) | 1.43 (1.07–1.90) | 0.009 |
| Increased blood pressure | Ref | 1.02 (0.81–1.27) | 0.99 (0.79–1.23) | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 0.576 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | Ref | 1.33 (1.07–1.64) | 1.28 (1.02–1.60) | 1.29 (1.02–1.64) | 1.32 (1.01–1.74) | 0.138 |
| Metabolic syndrome | Ref | 1.51 (1.19–1.91) | 1.27 (0.99–1.64) | 1.45 (1.12–1.90) | 1.28 (0.96–1.71) | 0.391 |
| Women | ||||||
| Plant protein intake (n = 8167) | 1633 | 1634 | 1633 | 1634 | 1633 | |
| Median intake (g/day) | 16.4 ± 0.1 | 23.9 ± 0.1 | 30.0 ± 0.1 | 37.4 ± 0.1 | 50.5 ± 0.3 | |
| Median intake (%E) | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.1 | 8.8 ± 0.1 | |
| Abdominal obesity | Ref | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) | 0.85 (0.66–1.09) | 1.03 (0.79–1.34) | 0.89 (0.64–1.23) | 0.964 |
| Elevated TG | Ref | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | 0.89 (0.64–1.23) | 0.496 |
| Reduced HDL-C | Ref | 0.98 (0.80–1.19) | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 1.01 (0.78–1.32) | 0.774 |
| Increased blood pressure | Ref | 1.03 (0.81–1.32) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 0.77 (0.57–1.03) | 0.87 (0.62–1.22) | 0.229 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | Ref | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | 1.15 (0.91–1.46) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) | 0.911 |
| Metabolic syndrome | Ref | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | 0.87 (0.64–1.18) | 0.92 (0.62–1.35) | 0.723 |
| Animal protein intake (n = 8105) | 1621 | 1621 | 1621 | 1621 | 1621 | |
| Median intake (g/day) | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 16.5 ± 0.1 | 25.3 ± 0.1 | 36.5 ± 0.2 | 61.0 ± 0.5 | |
| Median intake (%E) | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 6.2 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 11.6 ± 0.2 | |
| Abdominal obesity | Ref | 0.77 (0.61–0.98) | 0.84 (0.66–1.08) | 0.83 (0.65–1.08) | 0.80 (0.60–1.07) | 0.301 |
| Elevated TG | Ref | 0.92 (0.73–1.15) | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) | 0.85 (0.64–1.13) | 0.484 |
| Reduced HDL-C | Ref | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) | 0.83 (0.68–1.00) | 0.91 (0.74–1.11) | 0.87 (0.70–1.09) | 0.456 |
| Increased blood pressure | Ref | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) | 0.83 (0.62–1.11) | 0.502 |
| Elevated fasting glucose | Ref | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.926 |
| Metabolic syndrome | Ref | 0.88 (0.67–1.15) | 0.84 (0.63–1.10) | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 0.81 (0.58–1.14) | 0.386 |
All values (ORs and 95% CIs) were derived from a multivariate logistic regression model after adjustment for age, energy intake, the percentage of energy intake from saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat, household income, education level, drinking, smoking, and physical activity. 1 Metabolic syndrome definition: (1) abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women); (2) triglyceride (TG) levels ≥ 150 mg/dL; (3) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels < 40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women; (4) systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg; (5) fasting glucose levels ≥ 100 mg/dL. 2 p for trend was derived from a multivariate logistic regression model using the median protein intake (g/day) for each quintile as the continuous variable.