Table 2.
Sugars profile in the different honeys of Calabria.
| Sugars (MG/G) |
Honey Type (Number of Samples) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrus | Eucalyptus | Sulla | Chestnut | Acacia | |
| (n = 12) | (n = 10) | (n = 12) | (n = 16) | (n = 10) | |
| Glucose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 323.93 c ± 32.32 | 300.15 b.c ± 27.94 | 315.46 b.c ± 53.39 | 237.92 a ± 26.19 | 274.74 b ± 25.59 |
| Range | 270.38–366.89 | 277.22–332.60 | 190.30–354.42 | 188.93–278.58 | 237.04–305.84 |
| Fructose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 424.61 a.b ± 13.93 | 421.14 a.b ± 57.86 | 398.28 a ± 22.31 | 437.29 b ± 21.91 | 445.46 b ± 27.77 |
| Range | 405.67–447.07 | 338.21–464.51 | 332.20–420.82 | 407.92–473.61 | 404.20–480.96 |
| Trehalose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 2.43 b ± 0.56 | 1.58 a ± 0.77 | 1.52 a ± 0.82 | 4.17 c ± 0.61 | 2.89 b ± 0.42 |
| Range | 1.34–3.21 | 0.69–2.40 | 0.82–3.71 | 3.41–5.07 | 2.51–3.65 |
| Sucrose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 2.41 a ± 3.05 | 7.34 a ± 10.30 | 6.82 a ± 9.65 | 3.29 a ± 2.67 | 1.41 a ± 0.94 |
| Range | 0.12–9.60 | 0.08–22.25 | 0.08–22.39 | 0.34–7.10 | 0.38–2.76 |
| Isomaltose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 10.87 a ± 1.80 | 8.18 a ± 3.66 | 14.00 a ± 8.99 | 37.36 b ± 13.69 | 15.46 a ± 2.69 |
| Range | 8.25–14.68 | 3.72–13.09 | 6.61–38.46 | 22.14–57.63 | 9.96–17.40 |
| Koijbiose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 4.36 b ± 1.28 | 2.52 a ± 1.28 | 4.36 b ± 1.28 | 4.00 b ± 0.94 | 6.18 c ± 1.33 |
| Range | 2..95–5.26 | nd–5.84 | 2..95–5.26 | nd–6.21 | 4.71–8.30 |
| Palatinose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 15.40 a.b ± 4.24 | 13.56 a ± 5.07 | 19.37 b ± 9.68 | 21.68 a.b ± 4.17 | 19.01 a.b ± 3.02 |
| Range | 12.19–19.95 | 6.82–18.24 | 10.79–33.52 | 13.52–28.42 | 15.57–26.35 |
| Isomaltotriose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 0.16 a ± 0.06 | 0.81 b ± 0.23 | 1.45 c ± 0.192 | 1.25 b.c ± 0.192 | 0.31 a ± 0.16 |
| Range | nd–0.23 | 0.4–1.06 | nd–1.96 | nd–1.36 | nd–0.43 |
| Nigerose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 7.09 a ± 3.60 | 5.31 a ± 3.09 | 6.49 a ± 4.74 | 8.86 a ± 3.93 | 9.56 a ± 4.20 |
| Range | 2.53–14.51 | 2.98–10.20 | 2.53–16.35 | 5.46–20.01 | 3.27–14.93 |
| Maltose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 27.27 c ± 7.08 | 18.64 a.b ± 6.30 | 23.56 b.c ± 7.37 | 11.58 a ± 3.94 | 18.94 b ± 6.90 |
| Range | 20.27–42.07 | 9.96–32.66 | 10.51–33.02 | 5.76–20.68 | 12.59–31.53 |
| Erlose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 7.64 b ± 3.20 | 5.25 a.b ± 2.07 | 8.36 b ± 4.24 | 1.71 a ± 2.35 | 17.68 c ± 4.39 |
| Range | 3.70–13.90 | 3.51–10.21 | Nd–16.83 | nd–8.34 | 10.56–24.72 |
| Panose | |||||
| Mean ± sd | 1.15 a.b ± 0.94 | 0.75 a ± 0.61 | 1.65 a.b ± 1.35 | 1.72 a.b ± 0.74 | 2.06 b ± 0.87 |
| Range | 0.17–2.96 | Nd–1.48 | 0.37–5.09 | 0.98– 3.22 | 1.42–4.23 |
Results are expressed as the mean values ± standard deviations. a, b and c letters show significant differences among the honey type—Tukey’s test, p-level ≤ 0.05.