Table 5.

Clinical studies of FES in patients with MS-related fatigue.

Study, Year, References	Study Design	Potential Intervention	Outcome Measures	Main Findings
Chang et al., 2011 [70]	n = 9	8 weeks of quadriceps muscle surface FES training	Maximal voluntary contraction, voluntary activation level, twitch force, FI, CFI, Peripheral Fatigue Index, and MFIS	FI (p = 0.01), CFI (p = 0.02), and MFIS (p = 0.02) scores improved significantly Improvements in central fatigue contributed significantly to improvements in general fatigue (p < 0.01).
Pilutti et al., 2019 [71]	Randomized, controlled trial, n = 11	FES cycling exercise (n = 6) or passive leg cycling (n = 5) for 24 weeks	FSS, MFIS, SF-PMQ, MSIS-29	Moderate to large improvements in cognitive processing speed (d = 0.53), fatigue severity (d = −0.92), fatigue impact (d = −0.45 to −0.68) and pain symptoms (d = −0.67)

Abbreviations: FSS: Fatigue Severity Scale; MFIS: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, SF-PMQ: Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire; MSIS-29: 29-Item Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale; FI: General Fatigue Index; CFI: Central Fatigue Index.