Table 1.
Participant Characteristics at Baseline
| Characteristic | Deceased at 180 Days (n = 266) | Alive at 180 Days (n = 2740) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or Number (Percentage) | Missing Data, n (%) | Mean (SD) or Number (Percentage) | Missing Data, n (%) | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Mean age (SD), y | 83.7 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | 81.3 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Male, n (%) | 140 (52.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1531 (55.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Nonwhite race, n (%) | 43 (16.4) | 3 (1.1) | 274 (10.2) | 45 (1.6) |
| Married/living with partner, n (%) | 107 (40.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1407 (51.4) | 4 (0.1) |
| Education ≤12 y, n (%) | 170 (64.6) | 3 (1.1) | 1537 (56.6) | 23 (0.8) |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 247 (92.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2319 (84.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Dyslipidemia | 165 (62.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1733 (63.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Current or ever-smoker | 160 (61.3) | 5 (1.9) | 1506 (55.4) | 19 (0.7) |
| Arrhythmia | 86 (32.3) | 0 (0.0) | 663 (24.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Heart failure | 96 (36.1) | 0 (0.0) | 467 (17.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 58 (21.8) | 0 (0.0) | 305 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Valvular disease | 50 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 299 (10.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Stroke | 64 (24.1) | 0 (0.0) | 404 (14.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 112 (42.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1004 (36.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 59 (22.2) | 0 (0.0) | 367 (13.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Sleep apnea | 36 (13.5) | 0 (0.0) | 213 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 84 (31.6) | 0 (0.0) | 735 (26.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Prior revascularization procedure | 113 (42.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1107 (40.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Presentation characteristics | ||||
| STEMI, n (%) | 53 (19.9) | 0 (0.0) | 738 (26.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Chest pain as presenting symptom, n (%) | 102 (40) | 13 (4.9) | 1109 (41.8) | 86 (3.1) |
| ≥6 h from symptoms to presentation, n (%) | 131 (49.6) | 2 (0.8) | 1140 (41.8) | 14 (0.5) |
| Mean body mass index (SD), kg/m2 | 26.5 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | 27.6 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Killip class II to IV, n (%) | 70 (26.3) | 0 (0.0) | 322 (11.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mean initial systolic BP (SD), mm Hg | 136.3 (28.8) | 0 (0.0) | 146.8 (30.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mean initial diastolic BP (SD), mm Hg | 74.1 (17.0) | 0 (0.0) | 78.5 (17.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mean initial heart rate (SD), beats/min | 89.3 (21.9) | 0 (0.0) | 83.0 (22.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 68 (25.6) | 0 (0.0) | 478 (17.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| Mean initial hemoglobin level (SD), g/L | 118 (21) | 0 (0.0) | 129 (20) | 8 (0.3) |
| Mean initial leukocyte count (SD), × 109 cells/L | 10.7 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 9.5 (4.7) | 11 (0.4) |
| Mean eGFR (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 44.1 (21.6) | 0 (0.0) | 55.7 (19.5) | 2 (0.1) |
| Mean TIMI score (SD) | ||||
| NSTEMI | 4.3 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4.6 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| STEMI | 6.8 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6.0 (1.6) | 14 (1.9) |
| Mean GRACE ACS score (SD) | 162.4 (22.9) | 0 (0.0) | 143.8 (21.8) | 2 (0.1) |
| In-hospital diagnostics, therapies, and complications, n (%) | ||||
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | 30 (11.3) | 247 (9.0) | ||
| Normal (>50%) | 90 (38.1) | 1437 (57.6) | ||
| Mildly reduced (40%–50%) | 56 (23.7) | 541 (21.7) | ||
| Moderately reduced (30%–40%) | 54 (22.9) | 339 (13.6) | ||
| Severely reduced (<30%) | 36 (15.3) | 176 (7.1) | ||
| Medications within first 24 h | ||||
| Aspirin | 249 (93.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2627 (95.9) | 1 (0.0) |
| Antiplatelet agent (P2Y12 inhibitor) | 147 (55.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1726 (63.0) | 1 (0.0) |
| β-Blocker | 206 (77.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2159 (78.8) | 1 (0.0) |
| Statin | 182 (68.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2090 (76.3) | 1 (0.0) |
| Intravenous antithrombotic agent | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | ||
| None | 62 (23.3) | 453 (16.5) | ||
| Heparin or bivalirudin | 194 (72.9) | 2004 (73.2) | ||
| Heparin or bivalirudin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa | 10 (3.8) | 282 (10.3) | ||
| Revascularization status | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| No cardiac catheterization | 97 (36.5) | 361 (13.2) | ||
| Cardiac catheterization only | 56 (21.1) | 438 (16.0) | ||
| Cardiac catheterization with PCI | 101 (38.0) | 1599 (58.4) | ||
| Coronary artery bypass graft surgery | 12 (4.5) | 342 (12.5) | ||
| In-hospital complications | ||||
| Bleeding | 71 (26.7) | 0 (0.0) | 702 (25.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Acute kidney injury | 99 (37.2) | 0 (0.0) | 593 (21.7) | 2 (0.1) |
| Heart failure | 63 (23.7) | 0 (0.0) | 351 (12.8) | 0 (0.0) |
| Functional impairments and conditions common in aging | ||||
| Cognitive impairment, n (%) | 7 (2.6) | 42 (1.5) | ||
| None (TICS score ≥27) | 173 (66.8) | 2278 (84.4) | ||
| Mild (TICS score 23–26) | 44 (17.0) | 270 (10.0) | ||
| Moderate or severe (TICS score ≤22) | 42 (16.2) | 150 (5.6) | ||
| Mean total “S” words (SD) (COWAT) | 8.2 (4.8) | 15 (5.6) | 9.8 (4.7) | 44 (1.6) |
| Clinically significant vision impairment, n (%) | 40 (15.1) | 1 (0.4) | 216 (7.9) | 4 (0.1) |
| Clinically significant hearing impairment, n (%) | 52 (19.8) | 3 (1.1) | 352 (13.0) | 35 (1.3) |
| Unintentional weight loss >10 lb in past year, n (%) | 102 (38.8) | 3 (1.1) | 569 (20.9) | 14 (0.5) |
| Any ADL disability, n (%) | 75 (28.3) | 1 (0.4) | 337 (12.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| >1 fall in past year, n (%) | 70 (26.9) | 6 (2.3) | 523 (19.1) | 6 (0.2) |
| Weak grip strength, n (%) | 192 (78.4) | 21 (7.9) | 1615 (61.3) | 107 (3.9) |
| Functional mobility (based on Timed Up and Go), n (%) | 39 (14.7) | 440 (16.1) | ||
| Completed in ≤15 s | 37 (16.3) | 828 (36.0) | ||
| Completed in >15 and ≤25 s | 30 (13.2) | 589 (25.6) | ||
| Completed in >25 s | 46 (20.3) | 437 (19.0) | ||
| Unable to complete | 114 (50.2) | 446 (19.4) | ||
| SF-12: general health question (4 categories) | 4 (1.5) | 2 (0.1) | ||
| Excellent or very good | 38 (14.5) | 804 (29.4) | ||
| Good | 72 (27.5) | 1034 (37.8) | ||
| Fair | 91 (34.7) | 669 (24.4) | ||
| Poor | 61 (23.3) | 231 (8.4) | ||
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-8 score ≥10) | 56 (22.7) | 19 (7.1) | 366 (13.8) | 80 (2.9) |
ACS = acute coronary syndrome; ADL = activity of daily living; BP = blood pressure; COWAT = Controlled Oral Word Association Test; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; GRACE = Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; NSTEMI = non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; PHQ-8 = Patient Health Questionnaire 8; SF-12 = 12-Item Short Form Health Survey; STEMI = ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; TICS = Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; TIMI = Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction.