Table 2.
Associations between dichotomized antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens and developing clinical malaria over a 6-year time period (June 2007–June 2013)
| Antigen | Dichotomized response* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (N = 154), n (%) | Controls (N = 462) n (%) | OR (95% CI) crude | P-value† | OR (95% CI) adjusted‡ | P-value† | |
| AMA-1 3D7 | 137 (89.0) | 426 (92.2) | 0.63 (0.32–1.24) | 0.179 | 0.61 (0.31–1.21) | 0.159 |
| AMA-1 FVO | 134 (87.0) | 413 (89.4) | 0.73 (0.38–1.41) | 0.352 | 0.75 (0.39–1.45) | 0.389 |
| Erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 | 81 (52.6) | 243 (52.6) | 1.00 (0.63–1.57) | 0.999 | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | 0.775 |
| Erythrocyte-binding protein-2 | 59 (38.3) | 157 (34.0) | 1.32 (0.83–2.10) | 0.236 | 1.29 (0.80–2.07) | 0.291 |
| GLURP-N-terminal non-repetitive | 83 (53.9) | 285 (61.7) | 0.67 (0.44–1.01) | 0.056 | 0.67 (0.43–1.02) | 0.060 |
| GLURP-C-terminal repetitive | 77 (50.0) | 275 (59.5) | 0.58 (0.37–0.90) | 0.016 | 0.56 (0.36–0.89) | 0.013 |
| Liver-stage antigen-1 | 87 (56.5) | 308 (66.7) | 0.58 (0.38–0.88) | 0.011 | 0.56 (0.36–0.87) | 0.010 |
| MSP-142 3D7 | 108 (70.1) | 326 (70.6) | 0.97 (0.57–1.62) | 0.894 | 0.86 (0.50–1.47) | 0.584 |
| MSP-142 FVO | 117 (76.0) | 369 (79.9) | 0.69 (0.39, 1.21) | 0.193 | 0.61 (0.34–1.10) | 0.101 |
| MSP-3 | 123 (79.9) | 384 (83.1) | 0.79 (0.49–1.28) | 0.341 | 0.75 (0.45–1.23) | 0.252 |
| Circumsporozoite protein§ | 78 (50.6) | 252 (55.4) | 0.77 (0.51–1.15) | 0.203 | 0.75 (0.49–1.14) | 0.184 |
AMA = apical membrane antigen; GLURP = glutamate-rich protein; MSP = merozoite surface protein; OR = odds ratio. Text in bold font indicate results are statistically significant at P = 0.05. Text in italics indicate results approach statistical significance.
* Association between case–control status and dichotomized antibody response where an antibody response of arbitrary unit ≥ 1 was considered a positive response.
† All analyses used conditional logistic regression that implicitly adjusted for age and village by the matched case–control design that was used.
‡ Adjusted for bed net use, household treatment by indoor residual spraying, roof material, distance to nearest forest, elevation, and potential residual confounding on age.
§ N = 455 controls measured by ELISA.