Table 4.
Proportion of Salmonella Typhi isolates resistant to antimicrobials in Africa over four time periods from 1972 through 2018
| 1972–1989 | 1990–1999 | 2000–2009 | 2010–2018 | χ2 Trend of proportion (P-value) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial* | n/N | % | Median proportion, % (IQR) | n/N | % | Median proportion, % (IQR) | n/N | % | Median proportion, % (IQR) | n/N | % | Median proportion, % (IQR) | |
| Chloramphenicol | 6/3,313 | 0.2 | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 81/157 | 51.6 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 319/1,276 | 25.0 | 49.7 (4.9–97.6) | 784/1,155 | 67.9 | 66.7 (0.0–74.1) | 2,251.9 (< 0.001) |
| Ampicillin | 35/3,313 | 1.1 | 0.6 (0.4–1.7) | 69/177 | 39.0 | 0.0 (0.0–2.1) | 294/1,206 | 24.4 | 31.8 (5.8–72.5) | 730/3,166 | 23.1 | 33.3 (0.0–76.7) | 675.7 (< 0.001) |
| Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole | NR | – | NR | 55/159 | 34.6 | 0.0 (0.0) | 310/1,273 | 24.4 | 40.4 (7.7–80.0) | 850/3,163 | 26.9 | 49.4 (0.2–79.9) | 0.002 (0.996) |
| Multidrug resistant (MDR) | NR | – | NR | 0/37 | 0.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | 226/1,060 | 21.3 | 0.0 (0.0–25.5) | 2,173/2,895 | 75.1 | 38.0 (30.4–85.7) | 976.6 (< 0.001) |
| Nalidixic acid | 0/14 | 0.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | 11/95 | 11.6 | 0.0 (0.0–13.2) | 29/1,059 | 2.7 | 1.5 (0.0–1) | 51/358 | 14.2 | 15.4 (3.5–21.4) | 25.5 (< 0.001) |
| Ciprofloxacin | NR | – | NR | 0/133 | 0.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | 14/1,209 | 1.2 | 0.0 (0.0) | 39/3,228 | 1.2 | 0.0 (0.0–4.0) | 0.7 (0.415) |
| Ceftriaxone | NR | – | NR | 0/55 | 0.0 | 0.0 (0.0) | 8/1,160 | 0.7 | 0.0 (0.0) | 5/2,212 | 0.2 | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.9 (0.09) |
| Azithromycin | NR | – | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 5/954 | 0.5 | 0.0 (0.0–0.5) | † | ||
IQR = interquartile range; NR = no eligible study reporting data for year period and drug.
*
Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles not recategorized to current Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute break points.
†
Unable to calculate; MDR = phenotype defined as resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole.