Table 4.
Antimicrobial resistance patterns and gene cassette arrays carried by class 1 integrons in MDR, XDR and PDR Campylobacter isolates recovered from different sources (n = 38).
| Isolate No. | Code No. | Campylobacter Species | Source | Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern | Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents | Resistance to Antimicrobial Classes | Antimicrobial Resistance Type | intI1/Class 1 Integron | Resistance Gene(s) in Class 1 Integron (Size in bp) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | CK105 | C. coli | Chicken intestine | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, MEM, ATM, S, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CLR, NA, SXT, CT, DA, DO | 21 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | aadA2 (995) |
| 2 | CK134 | C. jejuni | Chicken cloacal swab | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, FEP, MEM, ATM, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 21 | 14 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738) |
| 3 | CK110 | C. jejuni | Chicken thigh muscle | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FEP, ATM, S, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 21 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738); oxa1-aadA1a (2000) |
| 4 | H12 | C. jejuni | Human stool | AX, AM, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, S, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, SXT, C, LNZ, DA, DO | 17 | 10 | MDR | +/+ | dfrA17ab-aadA5 (1513); dfrA12-gcu-aadA2 (1864) |
| 5 | H19 | C. jejuni | Human stool | AX, AM, SAM, KF, FOX, FEP, ATM, S, TOB, CN, AK, E, AZM, CLR, NA, SXT, C, LNZ, DA, DO | 20 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738); dfrA17ab-aadA5 (1513); oxa1-aadA1a (2000) |
| 6 | CK139 | C. jejuni | Chicken breast muscle | AX,AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, MEM, ATM, S, CN, TOB, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, LNZ, DA, DO | 23 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA12-gcu-aadA2 (1864) |
| 7 | CK104 | C. jejuni | Chicken intestine | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, ATM, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 20 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | Phage tail TMP (349) |
| 8 | CK147 | C. jejuni | Chicken Liver | AX, AM, AMC, SAM, KF, FEP, CEP, FOX, MEM, ATM, S, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CLR, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 23 | 14 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA1-gcuC (1177) |
| 9 | C41 | C. jejuni | Raw milk | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, ATM, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 21 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | aacA4-cmlA4 (2600) |
| 10 | CK143 | C. coli | Chicken cloacal swab | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, FEP, MEM, ATM, S, TOB, CN, AK, E, AZM, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 23 | 14 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738); dfrA17ab-aadA5 (1513) |
| 11 | H1 | C. coli | Human stool | AX, AM, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, ATM, TOB, CN, AK, E, AZM, NA, SXT, CT | 15 | 8 | MDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (700); dfrA1ah-gcuCΔ (1146) |
| 12 | C52 | C. jejuni | Raw milk | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, ATM, S, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 22 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA17ab-aadA5 (1513); dfrA12-gcu-aadA2 (1864) |
| 13 | C8 | C. jejuni | Minced meat | AX, AM, AMC, SAM, KF, FEP, ATM, S, E, AZM, CLR, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 18 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA17-gcu5-aadA5 (1900) |
| 14 | H5 | C. jejuni | Human stool | AX, AM, AMC, KF, CEP, FEP, S, TOB, E, AZM, CLR, SXT, C, CT, DA, DO | 15 | 10 | MDR | +/+ | Phage tail TMP (349) |
| 15 | CK54 | C. coli | Chicken cloacal swab | AX, AM, AMC, KF, FEP, ATM, S, TOB, CN, E, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 18 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | aadA22 (947); dfrA17ab-aadA5 (1513) |
| 16 | CK80 | C. jejuni | Chicken breast muscle | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, CEP, FEP, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DO | 19 | 11 | MDR | -/- | ND |
| 17 | CK125 | C. jejuni | Chicken Liver | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FEP, CEP, ATM, S, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 22 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA1-gcuC (1177); dfrA12-gcu-aadA2 (1864) |
| 18 | C12 | C. coli | Minced meat | AX, AM, AMC, KF, CEP, FEP, ATM, S, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 19 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (700); dfrA1-gcuC (1177); dfrA17ab-aadA5 (1513) |
| 19 | CK78 | C. jejuni | Chicken cloacal swab | AX, AM, AMC, KF, FEP, MEM, ATM, S, CN, E, AZM, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 19 | 14 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738); aadA22 (947); dfrA1ah-gcuCΔ (1146) |
| 20 | C46 | C. jejuni | Raw milk | AX, AM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, ATM, S, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 21 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | aadA2 (995); bla pse-1 (1200) |
| 21 | CK109 | C. jejuni | Chicken breast muscle | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, CEP, FEP, ATM, S, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 21 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (700); dfrA1-aadA1a (1600) |
| 22 | CK153 | C. jejuni | Chicken cloacal swab | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, MEM, ATM, S, TOB, CN, AK, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 25 | 14 | PDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738); dfrA17-gcu5-aadA5 (1900) |
| 23 | CK50 | C. jejuni | Chicken liver | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FEP, CEP, ATM, S, TOB, E, CLR, NA, SXT, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 18 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738); bla pse-1 (1200); dfrA1-aadA1a (1600) |
| 24 | CK117 | C. jejuni | Chicken cloacal swab | AX, AM, SAM, KF, CEP, FEP, MEM, ATM, S, TOB, CN, AK, E, AZM, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA | 21 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | aadA2 (995); dfrA17-gcu5-aadA5 (1900) |
| 25 | H21 | C. jejuni | Human stool | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, MEM, ATM, S, TOB, CN, AK, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 25 | 14 | PDR | +/+ | aadA22 (947); aacA4-cmlA4 (2600) |
| 26 | C32 | C. jejuni | Raw milk | AX, AM, AMC, KF, CEP, ATM, S, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 19 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (700); aadA2 (995); bla pse-1 (1200); aacC5-aadA7Δ4 (1799) |
| 27 | CK44 | C. jejuni | Chicken thigh muscle | AX, AM, AMC, KF, S, TOB, CN, AK, E, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 18 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | aadA2 (1000) |
| 28 | H6 | C. jejuni | Human stool | AX, AM, AMC, KF,CEP, FEP, S, TOB, E, AZM, CLR, SXT, C, CT, DA, DO | 16 | 10 | MDR | +/+ | aadA2 (995) |
| 29 | CK112 | C. coli | Chicken Liver | AX, AM, AMC, KF, FEP, CEP, MEM, ATM, S, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, DA, DO | 21 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA1-gcuC (1177) |
| 30 | C17 | C. jejuni | Minced meat | AX, AM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, ATM, S, TOB, E, AZM, CLR, NA, SXT, C, CT, DA, DO | 19 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738); aadA2 (1000) |
| 31 | CK106 | C. coli | Chicken intestine | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, MEM, ATM, S, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CLR, NA, SXT, CT, DA, DO | 21 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | Phage tail TMP (349); aadA22 (947) |
| 32 | CK99 | C. coli | Chicken cloacal swab | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, ATM, S, CN, E, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 19 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738); aacC5-aadA7Δ4 (1799) |
| 33 | C53 | C. jejuni | Raw milk | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, ATM, S, CN, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 22 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | aadA2 (995) |
| 34 | C4 | C. coli | Minced meat | AX, AM, AMC, KF, CEP, ATM, S, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 18 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | aadA22 (947) |
| 35 | C21 | C. jejuni | Minced meat | AX, AM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, ATM, S, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CLR, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 20 | 13 | XDR | +/+ | oxa1-aadA1a (2000) |
| 36 | CK46 | C. jejuni | Chicken cloacal swab | AX, AM, AMC, KF, FEP, ATM, S, TOB, CN, E, AZM, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, DA, DO | 18 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | Phage tail TMP (349); dfrA1ah-gcuCΔ (1146); oxa1-aadA1a (2000) |
| 37 | CK151 | C. coli | Chicken cloacal swab | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, FEP, MEM, ATM, S, TOB, CN, AK, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, CT, LNZ, DA, DO | 24 | 14 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA15 (738); aadA22 (947); bla pse-1 (1200) |
| 38 | CK136 | C. jejuni | Chicken breast muscle | AX, AM, SAM, AMC, KF, FOX, CEP, FEP, ATM, S, CN, TOB, AK, E, AZM, CLR, CIP, NA, SXT, C, LNZ, DA, DO | 23 | 12 | XDR | +/+ | dfrA17ab-aadA5 (1513) |
AX, amoxicillin; AM, ampicillin; SAM, ampicillin-sulbactam; AMC, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid; KF, cephalothin; FOX, cefoxitin; CEP, cefoperazone; FEP, cefepime; MEM, meropenem; ATM, aztreonam; S, Streptomycin; TOB, tobramycin; CN, gentamicin; AK, amikacin; E, erythromycin; AZM, azithromycin; CLR, clarithromycin; NA, nalidixic acid; CIP, ciprofloxacin; SXT, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; C, chloramphenicol; CT, colistin; LNZ, lenzolid; DA, clindamycin; DO, doxycycline; MDR, multiple drug-resistance; XDR, extensively drug-resistance; PDR, pan drug-resistance; TMP, tape measure protein; ND, not detected; CK, chicken; H, human; C, cattle; +, positive; -, negative. Bold gene cassette arrays were subjected to DNA sequencing, deposited in the GenBank database and assigned their accession numbers as depicted in the Material and Methods section.