Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| Men (N = 2,148) | Women (N = 2,538) | pa | |
| Age, year | 69.39 (6.31) | 69.99 (6.61) | 0.002 |
| Education, year | 10.76 (4.89) | 6.71 (4.88) | <0.001 |
| Employed (%) | 1,011 (47.1) | 512 (20.2) | <0.001 |
| Low SES (%)a | 44 (2.1) | 99 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Living in a rural area (%) | 546 (25.5) | 643 (25.5) | 0.985 |
| Living alone (%) | 105 (4.9) | 496 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol, SU/weekb | 7.88 (16.04) | 0.60 (6.50) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, packs/dayb | 0.18 (0.78) | 0.01 (0.11) | <0.001 |
| Coffee, cups/dayb | 1.66 (1.98) | 0.95 (1.12) | <0.001 |
| GDS, score | 6.75 (4.03) | 7.70 (4.10) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, kcal/weekb | 108.62 (174.65) | 48.24 (118.36) | <0.001 |
| CIRS total score | 4.44 (2.84) | 4.11 (2.60) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosed with MCI (%) | 486 (22.6) | 700 (27.6) | <0.001 |
Values are mean (standard deviation) unless specified otherwise.
a Student t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
b Amount averaged over the past one year.
Abbreviations: CIRS, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; SU, standard unit.