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. 2020 Nov 13;8(11):e17597. doi: 10.2196/17597

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©Ahmed M Al Rajeh, Yousef Saad Aldabayan, Abdulelah Aldhahir, Elisha Pickett, Shumonta Quaderi, Jaber S Alqahtani, Swapna Mandal, Marc CI Lipman, John R Hurst. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 13.11.2020.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://mhealth.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Heart rate changes pre and post exacerbation for the 27 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The y-axis represents the Z score relative to the patient’s baseline mean. The x-axis represents the time expressed in days. Day −15 is the mean of the stable period, days −14 to −1 is the preexacerbation period, day 0 is the day of initiation of treatment for exacerbation, and days 1 to 13 is the postexacerbation recovery. The red line represents the threshold limit of +1.96 SD. The once-daily group is represented by the green line and the overnight group by the blue line.