Table 2.
Comparison of laboratory data between non-severe and severe COVID-19 patients on different time points.
| Laboratory test | Normal reference | Day on admission |
Day on discharge |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-severe(n = 105) | Severe (n = 40) | p value | Non-severe (n = 84) | Severe (n = 31) | p value | ||
| WBC (109/L) | 3.5–9.5 | 5.2 (2.6–23.6) | 6.1 (3.6–22.5) | 0.073 | 5.8 (3.1–11.8) | 5.5 (3.2–14.4) | 0.609 |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | 1.8–6.3 | 3.35 (1.2–22.2) | 4.75 (2.0–21.4) | 0.005 | 3.3 (1.5–8.5) | 3.4 (1.5–11.6) | 0.123 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 1.1–3.2 | 1.3 (0.3–3.0) | 0.80 (0.3–2.4) | <0.001 | 1.65 (0.6–3.5) | 1.25 (0.7–2.7) | <0.001 |
| CD3+ T cell (per μL) | 770–2041 | 745 (137–2012) | 424 (111–1684) | <0.001 | 1055 (377–2081) | 989 (463–2049) | 0.421 |
| CD4+ T cell (per μL) | 414–1123 | 450 (86–1236) | 239 (68–1177) | 0.001 | 589 (199–1253) | 520 (236–1348) | 0.538 |
| CD8+ T cell (per μL) | 238–874 | 269 (44–806) | 160 (41–561) | <0.001 | 433 (168–983) | 393 (151–738) | 0.476 |
| CD19+ B cell (per μL) | 90–560 | 142 (62–552) | 129 (28–551) | 0.427 | 157 (48–495) | 154 (456–351) | 0.642 |
| CD56+ NK cell (per μL) | 150–1100 | 209 (44–771) | 152(63–377) | 0.026 | 251 (122–656) | 154 (68–596) | 0.085 |
| Mononuclear (109/L) | 0.1–0.6 | 0.40 (0.2–1.2) | 0.4 (0.1–0.8) | 0.507 | 0.50 (0.2–0.9) | 0.50 (0.2–1.3) | 0.236 |
| Eosinophil (109/L) | 0.02–0.52 | 0.02 (0–0.34) | 0.0 (0–0.28) | 0.026 | 0.09 (0–0.55) | 0.11 (0–1.43) | 0.142 |
| Basophil (109/L) | 0.00–0.06 | 0.02 (0–0.07) | 0.01 (0–0.06) | 0.419 | 0.02 (0–0.09) | 0.02 (0–0.08) | 0.707 |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 1.1–9.8 | 1.35 (0.19–10.3) | 1.19 (0.33–2.81) | 0.205 | 1.32 (0.29–2.81) | 1.51 (0.49–2.67) | 0.120 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 0.1–3.0 | 1.45 (0.10–5.96) | 1.54 (0.17–8.53) | 0.526 | 1.53 (0.13–3.86) | 1.71 (0.43–11.71) | 0.127 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.7–16.6 | 5.93 (0.78–414.0) | 13.9 (2.76–251.8) | 0.217 | 3.24 (1.08–348) | 4.45 (1.76–105) | 0.712 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 2.6–4.9 | 3.52 (0.19–22.0) | 4.37 (1.54–39.5) | 0.003 | 2.59 (0.57–7.19) | 2.83 (0.89–6.1) | 0.341 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.1–5.2 | 1.20 (0–5.32) | 1.17 (0.09–2.93) | 0.982 | 1.04 (0.18–4.97) | 0.83 (0.15–2.50) | 0.039 |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 1.6–17.3 | 1.85 (0.18–178.9) | 2.04 (0.3–13.55) | 0.632 | 1.60 (0.15–179) | 1.35 (0.45–2.98) | 0.503 |
| IgG (g/L) | 7.0–16.0 | 12.7 (8.5–28.5) | 12.2 (7.7–27.8) | 0.507 | 12.1 (9.5–14.63) | 12.5 (11.4–15.5) | 0.158 |
| IgA (g/L) | 0.70–4.0 | 2.35 (0.57–5.26) | 2.37 (0.79–3.98) | 0.592 | 2.18 (1.12–5.31) | 2.50 (1.2–3.89) | 0.543 |
| IgM (g/L) | 0.40–2.30 | 1.06 (0.38–4.41) | 1.02 (0.33–2.75) | 0.828 | 1.21 (0.81–2.30) | 1.11 (0.74–1.53) | 0.302 |
| CRP (mg/L) | <0.5 | 6.0 (0.1–89.9) | 26.5 (0.60–185) | <0.001 | 1.60 (0.20–22.0) | 3.00 (0.5–66.6) | 0.237 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 7–40 | 20.0 (5.0–69.0) | 22.5 (6.0–152.0) | 0.236 | 25.0 (6.0–121.0) | 28.0 (9.0–98.0) | 0.054 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 13–35 | 23.0 (11.0–57.0) | 28.0 (13.0–115.0) | 0.014 | 21.0 (12.0–68.0) | 22.0 (13.0–50.0) | 0.370 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 35–100 | 72.0 (35.0–376.0) | 68.0 (40.0–129.0) | 0.198 | 74.0 (40.0–356.0) | 73.0 (45.0–121.0) | 0.640 |
| gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L) | 7–45 | 23.0 (10.0–109.0) | 32.0 (14.0–132.0) | 0.006 | 30.0 (11.0–293.0) | 48.0 (17.0–126.0) | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin (mmol/L) | 5.0–21.0 | 12.7 (3.4–36.5) | 12.2 (5.1–36.4) | 0.862 | 12.3 (4.0–88.0) | 9.3 (4.3–31.5) | 0.018 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 65–85 | 68.9 (58.4–84.4) | 68.3 (54.6–83.6) | 0.465 | 66.2 (52.0–86.6) | 65.0 (55.0–80.4) | 0.050 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 40–55 | 39.9 (29.5–49.8) | 37.5 (27.6–47.7) | 0.001 | 40.6 (13.1–49.1) | 35.6 (28.6–44.3) | 0.000 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 20–40 | 29.3 (20.9–38.6) | 29.4 (23.0–47.3) | 0.115 | 26.7 (9.0–37.8) | 26.6 (19.7–46.6) | 0.451 |
| A/G ratio | 1.2–2.4 | 1.40 0.80–2.10) | 1.30 (0.70–1.70) | 0.001 | 1.50 (1.0–4.1) | 1.40 (0.70–1.90) | 0.009 |
| Pre- Albumin (mg/dL) | 20–45 | 17.7 (8.3–35.1) | 12.9 (4.5–30.6) | <0.001 | 23.6 (5.6–38.0) | 25.8 (20.2–46.8) | 0.063 |
| Laboratory tests | Normal reference |
Day on 1st follow-up |
Day on 2nd follow-up |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-severe (n = 84) | Severe (n = 29) | p value | Non-severe (n = 56) | Severe (n = 23) | p value | ||
| WBC (109/L) | 3.5–9.5 | 6.7 (2.4–11.0) | 6.1 (3.3–12.8) | 0.703 | 6.40 (2.4–10.6) | 6.00 (3.1–10.0) | 0.586 |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | 1.8–6.3 | 4.1 (1.1–8.9) | 4.0 (1.9–10.6) | 0.946 | 4.10 (1.1–7.5) | 3.70 (1.6–6.6) | 0.856 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 1.1–3.2 | 1.70 (0.9–4.4) | 1.60 (0.70–2.7) | 0.093 | 1.70 (0.9–4.4) | 1.65 (1.0–3.5) | 0.551 |
| CD3+ T cell (per μL) | 770–2041 | 1163 (541–2738) | 1104 (645–2120) | 0.463 | 1185 (547–2700) | 1166 (725–1804) | 0.554 |
| CD4+ T cell (per μL) | 414–1123 | 620 (260–1497) | 539 (317–1083) | 0.240 | 620 (321–1497) | 555 (388–1108) | 0.712 |
| CD8+ T cell (per μL) | 238–874 | 477 (161–1243) | 466 (175–1150) | 0.661 | 475 (161–1243) | 495 (275–840) | 0.455 |
| CD19+ B cell (per μL) | 90–560 | 182 (57–586) | 108 (36.1–241.4) | <0.001 | 157 (42–541) | 119 (42.2–300) | 0.274 |
| CD56+ NK cell (per μL) | 150–1100 | 356 (77–1073) | 346 (131–766) | 0.396 | 367 (97–1043) | 444 (197–766) | 0.149 |
| Mononuclear (109/L) | 0.1–0.6 | 0.40 (0.20–0.70) | 0.50 (0.20–0.80) | 0.010 | 0.40 (0.2–0.9) | 0.40 (0.20–0.90) | 0.197 |
| Eosinophil (109/L) | 0.02–0.52 | 0.08 (0.00–0.39) | 0.08 (0.02–0.42) | 0.258 | 0.09 (0.01–0.41) | 0.12 (0.02–0.41) | 0.149 |
| Basophil (109/L) | 0.00–0.06 | 0.02 (0.00–0.06) | 0.02 (0.01–0.09) | 0.069 | 0.02 (0.0–0.06) | 0.02 (0.01–0.06) | 0.075 |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 1.1–9.8 | 1.26 (0.30–2.45) | 1.26 (0.30–2.03) | 0.374 | 1.26(0.3–2.38) | 1.20 (0.59–1.63) | 0.353 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 0.1–3.0 | 1.62 (0.26–6.42) | 1.62 (0.28–5.18) | 0.792 | 1.48 (0.28–6.42) | 1.62 (0.32–2.21) | 0.634 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.7–16.6 | 2.57 (1.1–141.07) | 3.09 (1.33–20.25) | 0.789 | 2.45 (1.1–11.96) | 2.38 (1.43–4.17) | 0.618 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 2.6–4.9 | 1.47 (0.18–8.50) | 1.58 (0.35–4.43) | 0.911 | 1.45 (0.18–8.50) | 1.15 (0.37–2.33) | 0.399 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.1–5.2 | 0.89 (0.12–2.27) | 0.70 (0.19–1.92) | 0.126 | 0.78(0.15–2.27) | 0.47 (0.15–0.66) | 0.017 |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 1.6–17.3 | 1.33 (0.15–122.3) | 0.93 (0.15–3.65) | 0.481 | 1.18 (0.15–122) | 1.03 (0.42–2.30) | 0.539 |
| IgG (g/L) | 7.0–16.0 | 12.8 (8.2–20.0) | 13.2 (9.44–17.1) | 0.336 | 12.8 (8.57–20.0) | 12.6 (9.5–14.7) | 0.684 |
| IgA (g/L) | 0.70–4.0 | 2.47 (0.58–6.36) | 2.20 (1.08–4.16) | 0.062 | 2.23 (0.58–6.36) | 2.17 (1.45–3.73) | 0.415 |
| IgM (g/L) | 0.40–2.30 | 1.10 (0.38–4.31) | 1.26 (0.45–2.78) | 0.864 | 1.19 (0.41–4.31) | 1.17 (0.41–2.43) | 0.600 |
| CRP (mg/L) | <0.5 | 0.81 (0.00–25.3) | 1.60 (0.20–17.5) | 0.054 | 0.88 (0.0–25.3) | 1.10 (0.00–3.90) | 0.681 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 7–40 | 31.5 (8.0–164.0) | 24.0 (5.0–120.0) | 0.215 | 21.0 (8.0–135.0) | 25.0 (5.0–104.0) | 0.556 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 13–35 | 26.0 (12.0–103.0) | 25.0 (12.0–93.0) | 0.578 | 23.0 (14.0–103.0) | 24.5 (16.0–70.0) | 0.436 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 35–100 | 83.0 (46.0–201.0) | 87.0 (54.0–176.0) | 0.284 | 81.0 (48.0–127.0) | 79.0 (50.0–111.0) | 0.643 |
| gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L) | 7–45 | 44.0 (12.3–229.0) | 36.0 (15.0–94.0) | 0.303 | 31.5 (15.0–137.0) | 32.0 (14.0–68.0) | 0.932 |
| Total bilirubin (mmol/L) | 5.0–21.0 | 12.3 (6.4–24.5) | 11.1 (3.9–33.4) | 0.083 | 13.8 (6.8–27.7) | 12.9 (3.7–33.2) | 0.480 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 65–85 | 75.3 (61.2–87.4) | 74.9 (66.1–83.3) | 0.821 | 75.0 (62.2–86.0) | 71.7 (65.3–78.4) | 0.022 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 40–55 | 49.2 (33.0–53.4) | 48.5 (38.0–53.4) | 0.304 | 49.8 (40.9–58.8) | 48.4 (44–52.5) | 0.143 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 20–40 | 26.7 (19.1–37.2) | 27.0 (18.6–35.1) | 0.354 | 25.1 (19.8–31.4) | 24.1 (20.4–29.5) | 0.081 |
| A/G ratio | 1.2–2.4 | 1.80 (1.0–2.4) | 1.80 (1.2–2.7) | 0.200 | 1.95 (1.5–2.6) | 2.00 (1.6–2.4) | 0.327 |
| Pre- Albumin (mg/dL) | 20–45 | 30.7 (23.7–47.7) | 33.7 (25.5–42.0) | 0.550 | 29.7 (21.3–37.2) | 30.5 (21.2–37.2) | 0.631 |