Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Year of publication | Country | Number of participants | Mean (SD) age (year) | BMI | OSAS diagnostic criteria | Mean (SD) AHI | LA remodeling and dysfunction measures | LV remodeling and dysfunction measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kasikcioglu et al. [27] | 2005 | Turkey | Control (14) | 51.8 (12.9) | 27.9 (2.5) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 1.7 (1.1) | N/A | LVM, LVMI, PWD, IVSd, E, A, E/A, DT, DTc, DTm, DTmc, Em, Am, Sm, Em/Am |
| OSAS (14) | 49.7 (11.6) | 28.7 (2.9) | PSG: AHI ≥ 15 events/h | 32.9 (7.1) | |||||
| Ozkececi et al. [37] | 2016 | Turkey | Control (30) | 46.4 (14) | 29.3 (4.8) | PSG: AHI ≤ 5 events/h | 1 (1–4) | N/A | LVEDD, LVESD, Left Tei index, LVEF |
| OSAS (60) | 49.6 (11.7) | 31.6 (5.8) | PSG: AHI ≥ 5 events/h | 24.5 (6–98) | |||||
| Altekin et al. [2] | 2012 | Turkey | Control (21) | 45.38 (4.588) | 26.35 (4.14) | N/A | N/A | N/A | EF, DVI, SVI, IVSD, PWD, LVM, LAVI, E/A, MPI, DT, E/E′ |
| Mild (20) | 46.95 (6.468) | 28.68 (3.44) | 5 ≤ AHI < 15 events/h | 10.73 (2.57) | N/A | ||||
| Moderate (19) | 46.79 (5.029) | 29.05 (2.26) | 15 ≤ AHI < 30 events/h | 20.52 (2.6) | N/A | ||||
| Severe (19) | 46.68 (7.660) | 29.80 (2.38) | AHI ≥ 30 events/h | 58.1 (16.27) | N/A | ||||
| Sun et al. [45] | 2014 | China | Control (50) | 62.2 (10.8) | 29.66 (4.22) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | RDI: 26 (19) | LAD | LVEDD, IVSD, LVPW, LVM, LVMI, |
| OSAS (136) | 63.3 (10.6) | 30.94 (4.15) | PSG: AHI ≥ 5 events/h | RDI: 14 (6) | |||||
| Tanriverdi et al. [46] | 2006 | Turkey | Control (24) | 51.9 (5.2) | 29.4 (3.9) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 3 (1.5) | N/A | IVSD, PWD, LVEDD, LVESD, LVMI, LVEF, peakE/A, Em/Am |
| OSAS (40) | 51.3 (9) | 29.8 (5.3) | AHI ≥ 5 events/h | 25.3 (11.4) | N/A | ||||
| Kim et al. [28] | 2012 | South Korea | Control (24) | 48.42 (7.45) | 27.45 (2.41) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 2.94 (1.44) | LAD、LAVI | IVSD, PWTD, LVMI, RWT, LVEDD, LVESD, LVEF, LVFS |
| OSAS (25) | 43.48 (11.32) | 28.1 (3.1) | AHI ≥ 5 events/h | 19.66 (11.64) | |||||
| Dursunoglu et al. [17] | 2005 | Turkey | Control (20) | 43.5 (6) | 29.3 (2.4) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 5.2 (2.8) | LAD | IVSD, PWD, LVEDD, LVESD, E/A, DT, IVRT, LVEF, MPI |
| Mild (11) | 46.0 (5.6) | 30.4 (4.0) | 5 ≤ AHI < 15 events/h | 25.3 (2.6) | |||||
| Moderate to severe (18) | 46.5 (4.9) | 30.6 (4) | AHI ≥ 15 events/h | 50.1 (11.6) | |||||
| Cho et al. [13] | 2012 | South Korea | Control (20) | 47.2 (7.1) | 27.9 (1.7) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 2.93 (1.44) | LAD | LVEDD, LVESD, IVSTD, PWTD, RWT, LVMI |
| OSAS (25) | 43.5 (11.3) | 28.0 (3.4) | AHI ≥ 5 events/h | 19.7 (11.6) | |||||
| Varol et al. [50] | 2010 | Turkey | Control (18) | 44.8 (11.6) | 29.2 (4.8) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 2.1 (1.6) | LAD | IVSD, LVPWD, LVEDD, LVESD, LVM, LVMI, DT, E/A, IVRT, LVEF, MPI |
| Mild to moderate (25) | 51.2 (8.7) | 29.9 (4.3) | 5 ≤ AHI ≤ 30 events/h | 15.8 (7.4) | |||||
| Severe (21) | 48.9 (9.3) | 32.2 (3.6) | AHI > 30 events/h | 60.7 (24.5) | |||||
| Wang et al. [53] | 2016 | China | Control (30) | 45 (6) | 25 (4) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 2.7 (1.2) | LAV、LAEF、LAVI | LVEDD, LVESD, LVEF, RWTD, LVMI, E, A, E/A, E′, E/E′, DT, IVRT, LVRI |
| Mild (26) | 48 (8) | 26 (4) | 5 ≤ AHI < 15 events/h | 10.5 (3.2) | |||||
| Moderate (29) | 45 (8) | 27 (3) | 15 ≤ AHI < 30 events/h | 18.7 (5.6) | |||||
| Severe (23) | 46 (6) | 27 (4) | AHI ≥ 30 events/h | 57.2 (2.6) | |||||
| Vitarelli et al. [51] | 2013 | Italy | Control (35) | 45.1 (12.2) | 26.8 (4.3) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 3.8 (1.1) | N/A | LVEF, LVMI, IVRT, DT, MPI, E/A |
| Mild (19) | 48.3 (8.2) | 27.5 (5.4) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 events/h | 15.4 (2.2) | N/A | ||||
| Severe (23) | 47.4 (8.1) | 28.3 (6.5) | AHI ≥ 30 events/h | 59.4 (9.3) | N/A | ||||
| Arias et al. [5] | 2005 | Spain | Control (15) | 48 (9) | 28.7 (4.7) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 3.9 (3.3) | LAD | E, A, E/A, DT, IVRT, LVESD, LVEDD, LVEF, IVSD, PWD, LVM, LVMI |
| OSAS (27) | 52 (13) | 30.5 (4.0) | AHI ≥ 10 events/h | 44.0 (27.5) | |||||
| Arias et al. [6] | 2006 | Spain | Control (10) | 50 (10) | 27.7 (3) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 4.2 (3.5) | LAD | E, A, E/A, DT, LAD, LVEDD, LVESD, LVSF, LVEF, IVSD, LVM, LVMI, LVPWD |
| OSAS (23) | 51 (13) | 30.9 (4) | AHI ≥ 10 events/h | 44.1 (29.3) | |||||
| Altiparmak et al. [3] | 2016 | Turkey | Control (35) | 43.0 (6.4) | 26.2 (3.2) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | N/A | LAVI | LVEDD, LVESD, DT, E′, E/A, E/E′, LVMI, |
| OSAS (31) | 45.5 (6.6) | 26.7 (2.1) | AHI ≥ 5 events/h | 45.4 (28.1) | |||||
| Balci et al. [8] | 2012 | Turkey | Control (33) | 41.6 (11.6) | 26.3 (1.4) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 3.2 (1.9) | N/A | IVSD, PWD, LVEDD, LVESD, E/A, DT, LVEF, MPI, LVMI, LV MPI |
| Mild to moderate (30) | 42.5 (11.2) | 26.9 (2.4) | 5 ≤ AHI < 30 events/h | 14.2 (14.6) | N/A | ||||
| Severe (31) | 45.7 (10.3) | 27.3 (2.3) | AHI ≥ 30 events/h | 66.3 (39.9) | N/A | ||||
| Tavil et al. [47] | 2007 | Turkey | Control (29) | 49 (11) | 29 (5) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 2.5 (0.8) | N/A | LVEDD, LVEDD, LVESD, IWSD, PWD, LVEF, LVMI, E, A, E/A, IVRT, E′, A′, E′/A′ |
| OSAS (29) | 48 (10) | 29 (6) | AHI ≥ 5 events/h | 25 (16) | N/A | ||||
| Otto et al. [36] | 2007 | USA | Control (18) | 45 (2) | 32.3 (0.9) | PSG: AHI < 5 events/h | 2 (0.4) | LAVI | LVMI, EF, DT, IVRT |
| OSAS (23) | 45 (3) | 33.7 (0.8) | AHI ≥ 15 events/h | 50 (7) |
OSAS obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, AHI apnea–hypopnea index, BMI body mass index, E early diastolic peak flow velocity, A late diastolic peak flow velocity, DT deceleration time of E wave, DTc heart-rate-corrected DT; DT m Em-wave deceleration time, DT mc heart-rate-corrected DTm, E m early myocardial Doppler peak velocity, A m late myocardial Doppler peak velocity, S m peak velocity of myocardial systolic wave, LVEDD left ventricular diastolic diameter, LVESD left ventricular systolic diameter, LVEF LV ejection fraction, IVRT isovolumetric relaxation time, IWDs interventricular septum diameter, PSG polysomnography, PWD posterior wall diameter, LVM left ventricular mass, LVMI left ventricular mass index, N/A not applicable