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. 2020 Nov 27;11:6050. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19960-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Complex spike modulation during DEC. PCs with CS-related complex spikes (Cpx_CS) are color-coded based on their simple spike (SS) modalities: suppression (Cpx_CS(SS_S), blue), facilitation (Cpx_CS(SS_F), red) and no modulation (Cpx_CS(SS_N), gray). Top row: summary of eyelid responses (left to right: n = 30, 32, 41 trials, mean ± SD). Middle row: example complex spike activity (raster plots of spike events) during DEC, and bottom row shows average Cpx_CS activity of each PC population (left to right: n = 12, n = 12, n = 5 neurons, mean ± s.e.m.). b Comparison between the timing of Cpx_CS (Cpx_CS latency) and the CR onset. Only PCs with simple spike suppression showed an earlier occurrence of Cpx_CS than CR onset (mean ± SD, paired two-sided t test, left to right: n = 12, 12, and 5, P = 0.04, 0.51, and 0.14). c Comparison of Cpx_CS latency in trials divided into early (n = 16 trials, 147.4 ± 23.6 ms, mean ± SD) and late trials (n = 16 trials, 196.8 ± 21.2 ms, mean ± SD) based on CR onset. Example recording of Cpx_CS during the CS–US interval (firing rate PSTH, c, bottom) in the early and late CR trials (c, top). d Population summary showing no difference in Cpx_CS latency between early and late trials in any category of PCs (paired two-sided t test, P = 0.39). e Comparison of CR peak amplitudes in trials with and without Cpx_CS. The occurrence of Cpx_CS in the PCs with simple spike suppression predicts a larger CR amplitude (mean ± SD, paired two-sided t test, left to right: n = 12, 12, and 5, P = 0.005, 0.94, and 0.80). f Example traces of CRs (top, n = 21 trials for pink trace, n = 10 trials for green trace, mean ± SD) with or without Cpx_CS (firing rate PSTH, bottom). Cpx_CS is defined as the complex spikes that occur within 50–250 ms following CS onset. Correlation of Cpx_CS occurrence and CR peak amplitude for three categories of Purkinje cells is summarized in (g). PCs with simple spike suppression (Cpx_CS(SS_s), blue) reside below the diagonal line.