Fig. 4. Nanoparticle-programmed CAR lymphocytes can cause leukemia regression with efficacies similar to adoptive T-cell therapy.

a Time line and nanoparticle (NP) dosing regimen. b Sequential bioimaging of firefly luciferase-expressing Raji lymphoma cells systemically injected into NSG mice. Five representative mice from each cohort (n = 10) are shown. c Survival of animals following therapy, depicted as Kaplan–Meier curves. Shown are ten mice per treatment group pooled from three independent experiments. ms, median survival. Statistical analysis between the treated experimental and the untreated control group was performed using the Log-rank test; P < 0.05 was considered significant. d Flow cytometry of peripheral T cells before and after injection of nanoparticles delivering IVT mRNA that encodes the 1928z CAR. The three profiles for each time point shown here are representative of two independent experiments consisting of ten mice per group. e Overview graph displaying the percentages of CAR-transfected CD8+ T cells following repeated infusion of 1928z CAR NPs. Every line represents one animal. Shown are ten animals pooled from two independent experiments. Mean transfection efficiencies (±SD) for each time point are shown at the top.