Table 1.

Effect of codeine and its cessation during the recovery period on testicular genotoxicity, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation.

	Control	LDC	HDC	LDC-R	HDC-R
8OHdG (ng/ml)	7.39 ± 0.41	10.02 ± 0.75∗	12.48 ± 0.53∗#	8.88 ± 0.69∗#+	11.29 ± 0.67∗#+~
Caspase 3 activity (ng/mg)	0.92 ± 0.14	2.20 ± 0.18∗	3.88 ± 0.19∗#	1.99 ± 0.132∗+	2.98 ± 0.18∗#+~
Testicular DFI (%)	10.28 ± 1.34	22.27 ± 1.18∗	30.58 ± 1.40∗#	20.16 ± 1.09∗+	28.50 ± 1.31∗#~

LDC: low dose codeine, HDC: high dose codeine, –R: recovery period, DFI: DNA fragmentation index. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of 6 rats per group. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. ∗p < 0.05 vs control, #p < 0.05 vs LDC, + p < 0.05 vs HDC, ~ p < 0.05 vs LDC-R.