Table 8.

Outcome table on ‘Penetrative Captive bolt stunning followed by a killing method’

Hazard	Welfare consequence/s occurring to the cattle due to the hazard	Hazard origin/s	Hazard origin specification	Preventive measure/s of hazards (implementation of SOP)	Corrective measure/s of the hazards
Restraint	Pain, fear	Staff, equipment	Immobilisation of the animal and presentation of the head of the cattle to the operator are required	Use passive head restraint or use optimum pressure according to the size of animal	Keep the duration of restraint to the minimum
Incorrect shooting position	Pain, fear	Staff	Lack of skilled operators, operator fatigue, poor restraint, wrong target area or angle of shooting, inappropriate placement of the gun due to the shape of the head	Staff training and rotation, appropriate restraint of the animal, proper placement of the gun	Stun in the correct position or apply a different killing method
Incorrect captive bolt parameters	Pain, fear	Staff, equipment	Lack of skilled operators, wrong choice of equipment, inappropriate cartridge and power, poor cleaning and maintenance of the equipment, too narrow bolt diameter, shallow penetration, low bolt velocity	Staff training, appropriate restraint of the animal, ensuring equipment is fit for the purpose, regular cleaning and maintenance of equipment	Stun with correct parameters and/or apply a different killing method
Overheating of the gun	Pain, fear	Staff	Lack of skilled operator, lack of sufficient number of captive bolt guns, lack of resting of captive bolt gun to cool	Staff training, ensuring sufficient number of captive bolt guns are available and rotation of captive bolt guns	None
Prolonged stun‐to‐kill interval	Pain, fear	Staff	Lack of skilled operators, too long time between stunning and killing	Staff training, prompt and accurate application of a killing method	Re‐stun and apply a killing method
Incomplete sectioning of the blood vessels	Pain, fear	Staff, equipment	Lack of skilled operators, too short or blunt knife	Staff training, use of sharp knife long enough to cut the blood vessels	Re‐cut if the animal is unconscious Re‐stun before cutting again if the animal is conscious
Ineffective pithing	Pain, fear	Staff, equipment	Lack of skilled operator, inappropriate pithing rod	Training of staff, choice of pithing rod appropriate to the size of the animal	Apply pithing correctly
Sublethal dose of chemical used as a killing method	Pain, fear	Staff	Lack of skilled operator	Training of staff, ensure lethal dose of chemical	Apply lethal dose
Disposal of cattle while alive	Pain, fear	Staff	Lack of monitoring, too fast operation	Ensure death by proper monitoring of signs of life before disposal	Re‐apply a killing method
ABMs: signs of consciousness (consciousness), signs of life (not dead), escape attempts (pain, fear), injuries (pain), vocalisations (pain, fear)