Table 1.

Nrf2 activators undergoing clinical trials and research in the cells and animal models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Compound	Disease	Research Type	Reference
Curcumin	Schizophrenia	Clinical trial. Phase I	NCT02104752 *
	Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial. Phase I/II	NCT00164749
	Schizophrenia	Clinical trial. Phase IV	NCT02298985
	Mild cognitive impairment	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT01811381
	Major depression	Clinical trial. Phase IV	NCT01750359
	Parkinson’s disease	Rat model. Rotenone-injured	[63]
Resveratrol	Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT01504854
		Clinical trial. Phase III	NCT00743743
	Huntington’s disease	Clinical trial. Phase III	NCT02336633
	Friedreich’s ataxia	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT03933163
Sulforaphane	Schizophrenia	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02880462
		Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02810964
		Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT01716858
	Autism	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT01474993
		Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02909959
		Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02677051
		Clinical trial. Phase III	NCT02654743
		Clinical trial. Phase I/II	NCT02561481
	Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial. Recruiting	NCT04213391
	Parkinson’s disease	Cell models. Mice models. 6-OHDA treated.	[64]
Dimethyl fumarate	Multiple sclerosis	Clinical trial. FDA Approved in 2013	NCT02047097, NDA 204063 **
	Obstructive sleep apnea	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02438137
	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. P301L mice	[65]
	Parkinson’s disease	Mice models. MPTP treated	[66]
	Huntington’s disease	Mice models. R6/2 and YAC128 mice	[67]
Masatinib	Multiple sclerosis	Clinical trial. Phase III	NCT01433497
	Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial. Phase II/III	NCT01872598
	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02588677
Methylene blue	Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02380573
	Bipolar disorder	Clinical trial. Phase III	NCT00214877
	Parkinson’s disease	Mice models. MPTP treated	[68]
Omaveloxolone	Friedreich’s ataxia	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02255435
	Cataract	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02128113
Tideglusib	Autism	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02586935
	Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT01350362
Ketogenic diet	Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT04466735
		Clinical trial. Not Applicable	NCT03690193
Dl-3-n-butylphthalide ide	Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial. Not Applicable	NCT02711683
ALKS-8700	Multiple sclerosis	Clinical trial. Phase III	NCT02634307
Benfotiamine	Alzheimer’s disease	Clinical trial. Phase II	NCT02292238
Carnosic acid	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models.(hAPP)-J20 and 3×Tg-AD mice	[69]
	Parkinson’s disease	Cell models. Paraquat treated SH-SY5Y cells	[70]
ITH12674	Brain ischemia	Culture of rat cortical neurons	[71]
Monomethyl fumarate	Parkinson’s disease	Mice models. MPTP treated	[66]
Salidroside	Parkinson’s disease	Cell models. MPP+/MPTP treated	[72]
β-Ecdysterone	Parkinson’s disease	Cell models. MPP+ treated	[73]
Pinostrobin	Parkinson’s disease	Cell models. MPTP treated SH-SY5Y cells	[74]
Berberine	Parkinson’s disease	Zebrafish models. 6-OHDA treated	[75]
Vildagliptin	Parkinson’s disease	Rat models. Rotenone treated	[76]
Glaucocalyxin B	Parkinson’s disease	Rat models. Lipopolysaccharide-injected	[77]
Fasudil	Parkinson’s disease	Mice models. MPTP treated	[78]
Protocatechuic acid	Parkinson’s disease	Cell models. 6-OHDA treated PC12 cells	[79]
Chrysin	Parkinson’s disease	Cell models. 6-OHDA treated PC12 cells	[79]
Hypoestoxide	Parkinson’s disease	Mice models. mThy1-α-syn transgenic mice	[80]
α-Asarone	Parkinson’s disease	Mice models. MPTP treated	[81]
Gypenoside XVII	Alzheimer’s disease	Cell models. Aβ treated	[82]
Eriodictyol	Alzheimer’s disease	Cell models. Aβ treated	[83]
Hesperidin	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. APP/PS1 mice	[84]
Puerarin	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. APP/PS1 mice	[85]
Orientin	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. Aβ injected	[86]
Antroquinonol	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. Aβ injected	[87]
Sodium hydrosulfide	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. APP/PS1 mice	[88]
Vanillic acid	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. Aβ injected	[89]
Methysticin	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. APP/PS1 mice	[90]
3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. Tg2576 mice	[91]
Mini-GAGR	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. 3xTg-AD mice	[92]
Allicin	Alzheimer’s disease	Rat models. Tunicamycin-injected	[93]
CDDO-MA	Alzheimer’s disease	Mice models. Tg19959 mice	[94]
CDDO-EA	Huntington’s disease	Mice models. N171-82Q mice	[62]
CDDO-TFEA	Huntington’s disease	Mice models. N171-82Q mice	[62]

* NCT—national clinical trial; ** NDA—new drug approval.