Table 6.
Mechanical properties of recently developed hybrid biocomposites.
| Matrix | Fibers | Manufacturing Process and Conditions | Mechanical Properties | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vinyl ester/unsaturated polyester | Bagasse/henequen | Hand lay-up Alkali treatment (5% NaOH) Fiber length = 2 cm |
TS 1 = 150 MPa FS 2 = 159 MPa IS 3 = 335 J/m |
[201] |
| Epoxy resin (EpoxAmite 100) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) | Flax/carbon (FLXC) Flax/glass (FLXG) Flax/Kevlar (FLXK) |
Mechanical stirring and hand lay-up Dispersing agent: dimethyl ketone (2 propanone) with 1wt % CNT |
Improvement of tensile properties with 1 wt % CNT TS FLXC = 340.13 MPa TS FLXK = 216.23 MPa TS FLXG = 114.82 MPa |
[154] |
| PLA | PALF/coir fiber (CF) | Hot press Fiber loading: 30 wt % CF:PALF = 1:1 |
Hybrid composite of C1P1 (15% CF 1 15% PALF) showed better mechanical properties respect to single fiber composites TM 4 = 4.75 GPa TS = 19.15 MPa FM 5 = 4.86 GPa FS = 33.04 MPa IS = 4.24 kJ/m2 |
[202] |
| Epoxy resin | Napier/carbon Napier/glass |
Vacuum infusion Napier:carbon and Napier:glass = 30:0, 24:6, 18:12, 12:18, 6:24 |
Increase of carbon and glass vol fraction increased the flexural properties (max at 6:24% vol) FS: Napier/carbon biocomposites = 456.31 MPa Napier/glass biocomposites = 124.94 MPa FM: Napier/carbon biocomposites = 25.76 GPa Napier/glass biocomposites = 13.15 GPa |
[203] |
| PLA | Kenaf/coir (KCCK) Bamboo/coir (BCCB) Kenaf/bamboo/coir (KBCCBK) |
Hot press | TS of KBCCBK = 187 MPa (20 and 78% higher than BCCB and KCCK) FS of KBCCBK and BCCB = 199 MPa, 206 MPa (16% and 20% higher than KCCK) FM of KCCK = 15 GPa (70% higher than others) |
[181] |
| EpoxAmite 100 with MWCNTs as a nanofiller | FLXC FLXG |
Wet lay-up 1 wt % concentration of MWCNT |
Better impact properties and higher compressive strength of FLXG compared to FLXC | [204] |
| Vinyl ester (VE) | PALF/glass | Automated spray up Vol. ratio of fibers = 50/50 |
TS (71.86 MPA) increased by 171% compared to PALF-VE composite FS (146.60 MPA) increased by 164.66% compared to PALF-VE composite |
[205] |
| PLA-g-GMA | Agave fibers/nanoclay particles | Extrusion Compatibilizer: glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) |
Using GMA caused an increment in TS and FS Nanoclay particles improved the tensile and flexural properties of the biocomposite |
[206] |
| PLA | Alkali treated sisal and coir fibers (ASF and ACF) | Compression molding Sisal:coir ratio = 7:3 |
IS increased by 22.8% to PLA/ASF FS improved (92.6 MPa) Decline of TS |
[207] |
| PLA | Treated Kenaf fiber (TKF)/montmorillonite clay (MMT) | Screw extruder and compression molding Alkali treatment (6% NaOH) Composition: 30TKF-1MMT-69PLA |
FS and TS are improved by 46.41% and 5.87% than PLA/TKF | [208] |
| Epoxy polymer (RenLam M- 1 and Hardener HY 951) | Sisal/glass/portland cement particles | Hand lay-up Fiber-matrix mass fraction: 30/70 Stacking sequence: five layers of sisal/glass and glass/sisal |
Increase of FS due to the cement microparticles and appropriate stacking sequence | [209] |
| PHB | Woven kenaf bast fiber (KBFw)/oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) | Lamination and compression molding Plasticizer: triethyl citrate (TEC). Arrangement: 11 layers (3KBF, 2EFB, 6PHB) |
11-layer hybrid composite with improved mechanical properties can be an alternative for some woody products TS = 53.3 MPa TM = 5.4 GPa FS = 77.90 MPa FM = 7.3 GPa IS = 40.6 J/m |
[210] |
| Epoxy resin | PALF/coir | Hand lay-up molding Application environment: natural soil Fiber/resin ratio = 40:60 |
Decrease of mechanical strength of hybrid composites in burial condition compared to the pure PALF-Epoxy composite | [211] |
| Polyester resin | Bamboo/PLF/coir | Hand lay-up followed by hot compression molding Fibers loading: 45%, 30% and 15% vol Bamboo:PLF:coir = 15:15:15, 10:10:10 and 5:5:5 |
Higher mechanical strength of hybrid composite with 45% vol fibers loading compared to the single fiber-reinforced composites TS: 136 MPa FS: 93 KN |
[212] |
| Unsaturated polyester | Sugar palm yarn/glass | Sheet molding process and hot press Resin/fiber ratio = 70:40 wt % Sugar palm yarn:glass ratio = 50:50 wt % |
TS, TM, FS, FM, and IS of the hybrid composites increased with increasing glass fiber loadings | [213] |
| polypropylene | PALF/banana | Compression molding Chemically treatment with 5% NaOH Fiber loading: 2, 5, 10 and 15 wt % PALF/banana ratio = 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 |
The hybrid biocomposite with 5 wt % fibers loading and PALF/banana ratio of 3:1 exhibited the best set of mechanical properties | [214] |
| polyurethane | Sugar Palm/glass | Melt compounding and hot pressing molding process Chemical treatment: 6 wt % alkaline + 2 wt % silane solution |
The TS, FS, and IS of a hybrid composite improved by 16%, 39%, and 18%, respectively, after the chemical treatment | [215] |
| Phenol formaldehyde | Areca fine (AF)/calotropis gigantea (CG) | Hand lay-up | Composite with 17.5 wt % CG and 17.5 wt % AF fiber had maximum tensile, flexural, and impact properties | [216] |
| Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) | Sugarcane bagasse (SB)/eggshell (Es) | Compression molding Fibers treated with titanium (IV) isopropoxide and silane coupling agent |
TM and FM of the composites with treated fibers were higher than untreated fibers Improvement of TM and FM with increasing of filler content up to 20/20 wt % The TS, FS, and IS tended to decrease with increasing SB/Es content |
[217] |
| Phenol formaldehyde resin | Areca/sisal Areca/glass Areca/roselle |
Hand lay-up Divinylbenzene cross-linking agent |
Areca/sisal hybrid biocomposites presented the highest TS and TM than others FS and FM increased by hybridization of sisal, roselle, and glass fibers with areca |
[218] |
| Thermoplastic SPS/agar (TPSA) | Sugar palm starch (SPS) | Hot press | The TS and FS slightly improved, but the IS reduced | [219] |
| Polyurethane foam | Roselle fiber (RF) with spherical silica (silica-A) and amorphous silica (silica-B) | Liquid molding | FM increased with increasing wt % of silica-A and silica-B TS increased with the increasing of silica-B and RF Adding silica-A up to 0.75 wt % also increased TS |
[220] |
| Epoxy | Glass/Flax/Basalt (GFB) Flax/Hemp/Basalt (FHB) Glass/Hemp/Basalt (GHB) |
Vacuum infusion process Stacking sequence: GFB: GFBBFG FHB: FHBBHF GHB: GHBBHG |
Reinforcement volume: 21–23% Flexural performance: GFB > FHB > GHB |
[221] |
| Polypropylene | Banana/Coir | Twin-screw extruder and injection moulding Fiber loadings (CF/BF/PP): 15/5/80, 10/10/80, and 5/15/80 wt % |
Max strengths at Banana/Coir: 15/5 wt % TS: 31.3316 MPa TM: 760.29 MPa FS: 31.336 MPa FM: 762.326 MPa IS: 51.6 J/m |
[222] |
| Epoxy | Banana/Jute | Hand lay-up Banana/jute ratio = 7:3 |
Better mechanical properties of the hybrid composite compared to mono composites TS: 85.91 MPa FS: 151.3 MPa FM: 1.23 GPa IS: 484.54 J/m |
[223] |
| Epoxy | Banana/Kenaf | Hand lay-up Banana/kenaf ratio = 40:60, 45:55, 50:50, 55:45 and 60:40 |
Better mechanical properties with the highest kenaf %: TS: 58 MPa TM: 0.28 GPa FS: 24 MPa IS: 15.81 J |
[224] |
| Epoxy | Sisal/Jute | Hand lay-up Jute/sisal ratio = 1:0, 1:3, 1:1 and 0:1 |
Fiber loading of 30 wt % Better mechanical properties of 1:1 hybrid composite TS: 102.08 MPa TM: 2.03 GPa FS: 361.9 MPa FM: 17.5 GPa IS: 30.1 KJ/m2 |
[225] |
| Polypropylene | Sisal/Glass (SG) Sisal/Carbon (SC) |
Single extrusion machine and press consolidation SG and SC ratio = 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 wt % |
Hybrid composite of 25/75 wt % for both SC and SG showed better mechanical properties: TS: 22.4 MPa TM: 3.65 GPa FS: 52.6 MPa FM: 4.51 GPa The addition of sisal fiber to pure carbon composite decreases mechanical properties |
[226] |
| Polypropylene | Coir/Coconut shell | Twin screw extruder and injection moulding Fiber/filler ratio = 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1 |
Reinforcement loading: 20 wt % With a hybrid ration of 1:1, TS and TM increased 8% and 50% compared to the references, respectively |
[227] |
| Epoxy | Kenaf/Kevlar | Hand lay-up Three types of kenaf fiber: woven, UD, mat |
Woven kenaf hybrid composite showed better mechanical properties compared to UD 6 and mat TS: 145 MPa TM: 3.37 GPa FS: 100.3 MPa IS: 51.41 KJ/m2 |
[228] |
| Epoxy | Hemp/Sisal | Hot press Different layering sequence of fibers |
The non-hybrid composites showed superior tensile and flexural properties than the hybrid composite due to the low compatibility of sisal/hemp fibers | [177] |
| Epoxy | Kenaf/Kevlar | Hand lay-up followed by compression Treated woven kenaf with NaOH Layering sequence: 4-layer and 3-layer with a different skin layer |
Reinforcement loading: 30 wt % Mechanical properties of hybrid composite with 4-layer improved: TS: 64.7 MPa TM: 5.29 GPa FS: 51.28 MPa FM: 2.74 GPa IS: 50.1 KJ/m2 Kevlar as a skin layer improved tensile and flexural properties, but kenaf as a skin improved IS |
[178] |
| Epoxy modified with LENR 7 | Kenaf/Glass | Glass/kenaf ratio = 1:1 Treatment of kenaf with NaOH |
Fiber treatment and adding of LENR to the matrix improved the mechanical properties: FS: 68.1 MPa IS: 13.1 KJ/m2 |
[229] |
| Polyester | Kenaf/Glass | Hand lay-up and hydraulic cold press Kenaf/glass ratio = 3:7 Sandwich configuration with glass shell and kenaf core Three types of kenaf: non-woven random mat, UD twisted yarn, plain-woven |
Reinforcement loading: 35 wt % UD and woven fibers had higher tensile and flexural properties, respectively: TS: 194.6 MPa FM: 291.6 MPa |
[230] |
| Epoxy | Jute/Glass | Epoxy/jute/glass weight ratio = 69/31/0, 68/25/7 and 64/18/19 | The addition of glass and jute fibers with a ratio of 64/18/19 showed the highest mechanical properties: TS: 56.68MPa FS: 28.81 MPa FM: 1.83 GPa IS: 5.49 J |
[231] |
| Polyethylene | Oil palm fiber (OPF) and clay particles | Extrusion and injection molding Alkali treatment of OPF |
Reinforcement loading: 25 wt % The 12.5:12.5 hybrid composite showed 11% and 49% improvement of tensile strength and modulus, respectively |
[232] |
| Epoxy | Sugar palm fiber (SPF)/Glass | Hand lay-up Benzoylation treatment on SPF Glass fiber ratio: 30%, 50%, and 70wt % |
Glass fiber ration of 70 wt % exhibited the best tensile properties: 55.7% and 50.5% improvement of TS and TM, respectively Benzoylation treatment improved adhesion of fibers/matrix |
[233] |
| Polypropylene | Sisal fiber (SiF)/Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) | Melt-blending followed by injection molding SiF/CNC loading (29:1, 27:3, 25:5, and 23:7 wt %) |
Enhancement of matrix with MAPP 8 compatibilizer Hybrid composite with SiF/CNC (27:3 wt %) showed highest TS (47.02 MPa), TM (2.82 GPa) and IS (38.62J/m) with 30.87% and 14.81% increment of FS and FM respectively |
[234] |
| Epoxy | Hemp/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | Vacuum-infusion | The TS and FS of interwoven hemp/PET hybrid composites were 4% and 22% greater than woven hemp composites | [235] |
| Epoxy | Flax/Glass | Compression-molding machine Sandwich structure: outer layers of glass/epoxy and the core from Flax/Epoxy |
UD hybrid composite [0G/0F] has a higher TS (408.25 MPa), TM (31.97 GPa), FS (591.25 MPa), and FM (39.84 GPa) compared to angle ply [0G/ ± 45F] hybrid composite and also flax/epoxy composite | [180] |
| Epoxy | Arenga pinnata fiber (APF)/polyester yarn (PET) | Lay-up Mg(OH)2 as a flame retardant (5 wt %) APF:PET ratio = 0:5, 20:5, 35:5 and 50:5 wt % |
Mg(OH)2 as a flame retardant Hybrid composite with 20 wt % and 35 wt % APF had the highest TM (165.2 MPa) and TS (9.69 N/mm2), respectively Increasing the fiber loading to the 50 wt % decreased the tensile properties |
[236] |
| Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber | Kevlar fiber (KF)/Nano-silica (NS) | Roll milling followed by compression molding | TS, elongation-at-break, and TM values of EPDM significantly increased by hybridization with KF and NS: TS: 4.94 MPa TM:51.09 MPa |
[237] |
| PLA | Coir fiber (CF)/PALF With alkaline treatment |
Internal mixer followed by compression molding CF:PALF ratios = 3:7, 1:1 and 7:3 Fibers loading: 30 wt % |
Hybrid composite with higher PALF, C3P7 (CF:PALF = 3:7) exhibited the highest tensile properties: TS: 30.29 MPa TM: 5.16 GPa However, the C1P1 hybrid composite presented the highest IS |
[238] |
1 Tensile strength; 2 Flexural strength; 3 Impact strength; 4 Tensile modulus; 5 Flexural modulus; 6 Unidirectional; 7 Liquid epoxidized natural rubber; 8 Maleic anhydride grafted PP.