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. 2020 Nov 10;9(11):1107. doi: 10.3390/antiox9111107

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Overview of inflammatory signaling pathways altered by WA. (a) WA inhibits NF-κB signaling; (b) Several kinase signaling pathways, such as AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT, are regulated by WA; (c) WA mediates the heat shock response by inhibiting HSP90; (d) Expression of anti-inflammatory genes is promoted by WA through activation of Nrf2 signaling; (e) WA prevents NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation. Abbreviations: TLR, Toll-like receptor; IKK, IκB kinase; NF-κB, Nuclear Factor kappa B; WA, Withaferin A; JAK, Janus kinase; STAT, Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription; PTEN, Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog; PDK1, Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; HSP90, Heat Shock Protein 90; HSF1, Heat Shock Factor 1; CDC37, Cell Division Cycle 37; KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein; Nrf2, Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; DAMP, Damage-associated Molecular Pattern; PAMP, Pathogen-associated Molecular Pattern; IL1β, Interleukin-1β.