Table 1.
Clinical experience with COVID-19 in different countries.
| Country | COVID-19 Cases (n) | Main Neurological Complications | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|
| China Wuhan Retrospective Case Series |
n = 214 | Dizziness (16.8%), headache (13.1%), altered consciousness (7.5%), stroke (2.8%), ataxia and seizures (0.5%), hypogeusia (5.6%), hyposmia (5.1%), neuralgia 2.3% skeletal muscle injury (10.7%), visual disturbances (1.4%) | Mao et al., 2020 [68] |
| China Zhejiang Retrospective Case series |
n = 62 | Headache (34%), myalgia or fatigue (52%) |
Xu et al., 2020 [89] |
| China Wuhan Retrospective Case Series |
n = 138 | Headache (6.5%), dizziness (9.4%), nausea (10.1%), vomiting (3.6%), abdominal pain (2.2%), shock (8.7%) fatigue (69.6%), anorexia (39.9), myalgia (34.8%) | Wang et al., 2020 [90] |
| China Retrospective Study |
n = 219 | Ischemic stroke (4.6%), cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (0.5%), hemorrhagic stroke (0.5%) | Li Y. et al., 2020 [67] |
| China, Hubei Sichuan Chongqing Retrospective Study |
n = 304 | Encephalopathy (2.6%), systemic or direct brain insults (27%) | Lu et al., 2020 [91] |
| China Meta-Analysis (10 Publications) |
n = 1994 | Myalgia or fatigue (35.8%), headache or dizziness (12.1%), nausea and vomiting (3.9%) | Li et al., 2020 [92] |
| France Strasbourg, Observational Case Series |
n = 58 | Confusion (65%), agitation (69%), diffuse corticospinal tract signs (67%), dysexecutive syndrome at discharge (33%), dizziness (16.8%), headache (13.1%) |
Helms et al., 2020 [93] |
| France Retrospective Observational Study |
n = 37 | Alteration of consciousness (73%), pathological wakefulness after sedation (41%), confusion (32%), agitation (19%), seizures (14%), headache (11%) | Kremer et al., 2020 [94] |
| France Case Report |
n = 1 | Guillain–Barré syndrome | Camdessanche et al., 2020 [95] |
| UK Cross-Specialty Surveillance Study |
n = 125 | Cerebrovascular event (62%): ischemic strokes (74%), intracerebral hemorrhage (12%), central nervous system vasculitis (1%). Altered mental status (31%): unspecified encephalopathy (13%) and encephalitis (18%). |
Varatharaj et al., 2020 [96] |
| UK London Retrospective Descriptive Study |
n = 43 | Encephalopathies (23%) with delirium/psychosis Inflammatory CNS syndromes (28%) Ischemic strokes (18.6%) Peripheral neurological disorders (18.6): Guillain–Barré syndrome (16.3), brachial plexopathy (2.3%), Central disorders (11.6%) |
Paterson et al., 2020 [88] |
| Italy Milan Cross-Sectional Study |
n = 59 | Gustatory/olfactory disorders (33.9%), headache (3.4%), asthenia (1.7%) | Giacomelli et al., 2020 [97] |
| Italy, Milan Single-Center Retrospective Study |
n = 388 | Ischemic stroke (2.5%) | Lodigiani et al., 2020 [98] |
| Italy | n = 5 | Guillain–Barré syndrome | Toscano et al., 2020 [99] |
| Italy Milan Case Series |
n = 4 | Subacute encephalopathy, neurological signs of agitation and spatial disorientation | Anzalone et al., 2020 [100] |
| EU Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland Cross-Sectional Study |
n = 417 | Olfactory dysfunctions (85.6%), gustatory dysfunctions (82%) | Lechien et al., 2020 [101] |
| Netherlands Multicenter Retrospective Study |
n = 180 | Ischemic stroke (3.7%) | Klok et al., 2020 [102] |
| USA Case Series |
n = 5 | Hemiplegia (100%), reduced consciousness (80%), dysarthria (60%), dysphasia (20%), sensory deficit (40%) | Oxley et al., 2020 [103] |
| USA Case Study |
n = 1 | Altered mental status; hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy | Poyiadji et al., 2020 [104] |