Figure 6.

Laser-induced vapor nanobubbles (VNB) improved antibiotic delivery to biofilms. Impaired biofilm diffusion is caused by the fact that sessile cells cluster together into dense aggregates of hundreds of micrometers in size and because of the multi-component nature of the biofilm matrix which can trap molecules in their passage through biofilms. The mechanical impact of laser-induced VNB could increase the space between sessile cells, leading to a better flux and the effectivity of antimicrobial agents and their mechanical force can trigger antibiotic release from nanocarriers close to sessile bacteria (reproduced from [72] with permission from MDPI, 2019).