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. 2020 Nov 16;13(22):5155. doi: 10.3390/ma13225155

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) TGC showed a fibroblastic shape (left), and fluorescent microscopy confirmed the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) (right). (b) Alizarin red staining of TGC exposed to osteogenic medium from 0 to 14 days. (c) Measurement of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity of TGC cultivated with osteogenic medium or TGF-β. The ALP activity from osteogenic medium became significantly higher than that from TGF-β at 3 and 5 days. After this point, the ALP activity of osteogenic medium- and TGF-β-exposed TGC decreased. * p < 0.05.