Figure 1.

Cellular events involved in ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). (1) Hypoxia following death of the donor induces metabolic stress, vascular permeability, and cellular apoptosis. (2) In the ischemic graft, danger signaling pathways are potential therapeutic targets for optimization. (3) IRI generates a sterile inflammatory response in the recipient due to the events present in (2). Treatments based on the use of complement and (Tumor Necrosis Factor) TNF inhibitors are used to decrease the immune response, as well as cell therapy with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are important in controlling this response.