Table 4.
List of key studies of anaplasmosis of small ruminants in Pakistan.
| State | District(s) | Host(s)/Vector | Method(s) of Detection | Target Animal Population | Pathogen(s) Detected | % Test-Positive (Proportion; 95% CI) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Punjab | Lahore | Sheep | Morphological | Suspected of anaplasmosis | Anaplasma ovis | 55.3 (83/150; 47.4–63.3) | [87] |
| Goats | 30.7 (46/150; 23.3–38.0) | ||||||
| Mianwali | Sheep | Molecular | Healthy | Anaplasma species | 32.0 (24/75; 21.4–42.6) | [106] | |
| Goats | 25.3 (19/75; 15.5–35.2) | ||||||
| Sheep and goats | Morphological | 29.3 (44/150; 22.0–36.6) | |||||
| Attock, Bahawalpur, Gujranwala, Kasur, Khanewal, Multan, Okara, Rahim Yar Khan, Vehari | Ticks from sheep and goats | Molecular | Healthy |
A. ovis, A. centrale, A. marginale, A. platys-like organism, Anaplasma sp. BL099-6 |
38.9 (21/54; 26.2–53.1) | [86] | |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Charsadda, Mardan, Nowshera, Peshawar | Sheep | Morphological | Suspected of anaplasmosis | Anaplasma sp. | 29.6 (32/108; 21.0–38.2) | [107] |
| Goats | 1.7 (1/60; 0.0–8.9) | ||||||
| Karak | Sheep | Morphological | Suspected of anaplasmosis | A. marginale | 22.0 (55/250; 16.9–27.1) | [29] | |
| Goats | 17.2 (43/250; 12.5–21.9) | ||||||
| Sheep | Serological * | 36.8 (92/250; 30.8–42.8) | |||||
| Goats | 32.8 (82/250; 27.0–38.6) | ||||||
| Sheep | Molecular | 47.2 (118/250; 41.0–53.4) | |||||
| Goats | 34.8 (87/250; 28.9–40.7) | ||||||
| Peshawar | Sheep | Serological | Healthy | A. marginale | 24.5 (92/376; 20.1–28.8) | [108] | |
| Charsadda | Sheep | Serological | Healthy | Anaplasma sp. | 19.3 (58/300; 14.9–23.8) | [109] | |
| Goats | 25.0 (75/300; 20.1–29.9) | ||||||
| District information not provided | Goats | Morphological | Healthy | A. ovis | 9.6 (7/73; 2.8–16.3) | [110] | |
| Mardan | Sheep | Morphological | Healthy | Anaplasma sp. | 13.9 (25/180; 8.8–18.9) | [111] | |
| Goats | 8.3 (15/180; 4.3–12.4) | ||||||
| Sheep | Serological | 23.9 (43/180; 17.7–30.1) | |||||
| Goats | 20.6 (37/180; 14.7–26.5) | ||||||
| Bajaur, Khyber, Mohmand, North Waziristan, Orakzai | Ticks from sheep | Molecular | Healthy | A. centrale, A. marginale, A. ovis | 39.1 (9/23; 19.2–59.1) | [22] | |
| Ticks from goats | 35.5 (11/31; 18.6–52.3) | ||||||
| Peshawar | Sheep | Morphological and molecular | Suspected of anaplasmosis | Anaplasma sp. | 28.0 (28/100; 19.2–36.8) | [112] | |
| Sindh | Mirpur Khas | Goats | Morphological | Healthy | A. marginale | 13.3 (40/300; 9.5–17.2) | [98] |
* ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.