Table 6.
In vivo evidence of the effects of curcumin on prostate cancer.
| Animal Model | Curcumin Dosage | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heterotopically implanted LNCaP cell tumors in athymic nude mice | 2% composition of a synthetic diet; 6 weeks | ↓ Proliferation ↓ Tumor growth ↑ Apoptosis ↑ Pycnotic brown staining nuclei ↓ Mitosis ↓ Nuclear cytoplasm ratio ↑ Fibrotic characteristics ↓ Angiogenesis ↓ Microvessel density ↓ CD31 |
[103] |
| SCID mice implanted with DU-145 cells | 5 mg/kg b.w./3 times per week; 4 weeks | ↓ Tumor volume ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Cancer progression ↑ Caspase-3 activity ↓ MMP-2 |
[88] |
| NCr nude male mice injected with PC3 cells | 6 µM three times per week; 4 weeks | ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Tumor growth ↓ Proliferation ↑ Caspase-3 ↑ PARP ↓ Akt ↓ GSK3Bα ↓ BAD ↓ IKKBα ↓ IκBα |
[104] |
| PC3 tumor-bearing nude mice | 5 mg/kg b.w./5 times per week; 4 weeks | ↓ Tumor growth ↑ Gemcitabine effect ↑ Irradiation effect ↓ MDM2 |
[70] |
| Balb c nude mice implanted with TRAIL-resistant LNCaP cells | 30 mg.kg b.w./3 times per week; 6 weeks | ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Proliferation ↑ TRAIL-R1/DR4 ↑ TRAIL-R2/DR5 ↑ Bax ↑ Bak ↑ p21/WAF1 ↑ p27/KIP1 ↓ Cyclin D1 ↓ VEGF ↓ uPA ↓ MMP-3 & -9 ↓ Bcl-2 ↓ Bcl-XL ↓ NF-κB activation ↓ Number of blood vessels ↓ Circulating EGFR-2-positive endothelial cells |
[105] |
| TRAMP mice with prostate adenocarcinoma | 1–2% dietary composition; 10 or 16 weeks | ↓ Tumor formation ↓ Proliferation ↑ Apoptosis ↓ High-grade PIN ↓ Akt ↓ PDK1 ↓ FKHR |
[106] |
| PTEN-KO mice | 250 µM; 7 weeks | ↓ Prostate adenocarcinomas ↓ Weight gain ↓ Prostate weight ↓ Epithelial cell proliferation ↓ mPIN lesions |
[107] |
| Nude mice injected with PC3 cells | 10 µM; 24 h | ↓ PC3 cell proliferation ↓ Tumor growth ↓ Tumor progression ↓ VIP mRNA ↓ MMP-2 ↓ MMP-9 ↓ VEGF mRNA and protein ↓ VPAC1 receptor density |
[108] |
| CD-1 Foxn1nu male mice injected with PC3 cells | 1% diet; 5 weeks | ↓ Lung metastasis ↓ Tumor size ↓ Human p53 protein ↓ Proliferating Ki-67 positive cells ~ Tumor morphology |
[92] |
| Athymic nude mice inoculated with C4-3 cells | 25 µg; intratumoral injection once | ↓ Tumor growth ↑ β-catenin subcellular localization |
[82] |
| Male nude mice inoculated with luciferase-expressed PC3 cells | 100 mg/kg b.w.; 3 weeks | ↓ Tumor growth ↓ Metastasis ↓ Metastatic lesions ↓ Activated matriptase |
[83] |
| Athymic mice injected with C4-2 cells | 25 µg; intratumoral injection once | ↓ Tumor volume ↓ Tumor blood vessel density ↑ PLGA–CUR NP curcumin accumulation ↓ Developed vasculature ↓ Bcl-xL ↓ Nuclear AR ↑ β-catenin membrane staining ↓ Nuclear β-catenin activity ↓ CD31β ↓ miR-21 |
[109] |
| SCID mice implanted with C4-2B cells | 1–2% diet; 4 weeks | ↓ Tumor progression ↓ Tumor growth ↓ Osteosclerotic lesions ↓ PSA levels ↑ Osteoblast markers ↑ Fatty globules ↓ TGF-β ↑ BMP-2 ↑ BMP-7 ↑ SMAD-1,-5,-8 ↑ UCP-1 |
[110] |
| BALB/c mice injected with PC3 cells | 100 mg/kg b.w./day; 1 month | ↓ Tumor volume ↓ Id1 mRNA and protein ↑ Id1 cytoplasm locatization |
[93] |
| Balb/c nude mice administered prostate PC3 cells | 25 mg/kg b.w./day; 30 days | ↑ Apoptosis ↓ PC3 cell growth ↓ Tumor volume and weight ↓ Bcl-2 ↑ Bax |
[111] |
| Balb/c nude mice subcutaneously inoculated with LNCaP cells | 500 mg/kg b.w./3 times per week; 4 weeks | ↓ Prostate cancer tumor ↓ Tumor growth ↓ PSA level ↓ AR mRNA and protein levels |
[112] |
| FVB/N mice injected with HMVP2 spheroids | 1.0% diet; 32 days | ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Tumor size ↓ Tumor weight ↑ Glutamine metabolism ↓ Glutamine uptake |
[113] |
| BALB/c nude mice subcutaneously injected with CD44+/CD133+ HuPCaSCs pretreated with curcumin | IC50; 48 h | ↓ Tumor size ↓ Tumor development ↓ Oct4 ↓ Ki67 ↓ PSA ↓ Pap |
[101] |
| Immunodeficient mice subcutaneously xenografted with LNCap cells | 30 mg/kg; 50 days | ↓ Tumor size ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Phospho-JNK ↓ Phospho-c-Jun ↓ Bcl-2 ↓ Bcl-xL ↓ H3K4me3 |
[86] |
| Male TRAMP mice | 200 mg/kg b.w./day; 1 month | ↓ Testosterone level ↓ AKR1C2 surface expression |
[85] |
| DU145 xenograft mice | 25 µg; 7 days or 12 h | ↓ DU145 cell solid tumors ↓ Tumor size and weight ↑ Tumor localization |
[114] |
| Male Kumming mice injected with S180 cells | 18.8 mg/kg b.w./day; 10 days | ↑ Survival ↓ Tumor volume ↓ Tumor weight ↑ Necrosis ↑ Cell lysis ↑ Cell fragmentation |
[115] |
| Prostate cancer CD1 mice xenografts (PC3, 22rv1, and DU145 cell-lines) | 800 mg/kg; days 1, 9, 18, 27, and 34 | ↑ Apoptosis ↑ Fibrosis ↓ Inflammation ↓ Tumor size ↓ Tumor weight ↓ Tumor progression ↑ Collagen deposition ↓ Monocyte infiltration ↑ TUNEL-positive cells |
[116] |
| Pten-deficient mice | 76 or 380 mg/kg b.w./day; 16 weeks | ↓ Proliferation ↑ Liver weight ↓ High-grade PIN ↓ Incidence of atrophic glands ↑ Stroma thickness |
[117] |