Table 3.
Red blood cell (RBC) membrane fatty acid profile.
| Fatty Acids (%) | Children with Normal Weight (NO) | Children Who Are Overweight (OV) |
>Children with Obesity (OB) |
ANCOVA | p-Value a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | p | NO:OV | NO:OB | OV:OB | |
| Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 22.44 | 0.10 | 22.54 | 0.16 | 22.49 | 0.13 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Stearic acid (C18:0) | 17.67 | 0.10 | 17.94 | 0.17 | 18.13 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.03 | 1.00 |
| TOT. SFA | 40.12 | 0.10 | 40.48 | 0.16 | 40.58 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 1.00 |
| Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 1.00 |
| Oleic acid (9c C18:1) | 17.48 | 0.13 | 16.68 | 0.20 | 16.65 | 0.17 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.00 |
| cis-Vaccenic acid (11c C18:1) | 1.19 | 0.02 | 1.14 | 0.03 | 1.14 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 1.00 |
| TOT. MUFA | 19.09 | 0.13 | 18.27 | 0.22 | 18.27 | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 1.00 |
| Linoleic acid (C18:2) | 14.28 | 0.13 | 14.30 | 0.21 | 13.71 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
| DGLA (C20:3) | 2.01 | 0.04 | 2.30 | 0.06 | 2.23 | 0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 1.00 |
| ARA (C20:4) | 18.76 | 0.13 | 19.23 | 0.21 | 19.66 | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.37 |
| TOT. ω-6 | 35.06 | 0.15 | 35.83 | 0.25 | 35.65 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 1.00 |
| EPA (C20:5) | 0.60 | 0.02 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.66 |
| DHA (C22:6) | 4.97 | 0.11 | 4.67 | 0.17 | 4.79 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.95 | 1.00 |
| TOT. ω-3 | 5.57 | 0.12 | 5.16 | 0.19 | 5.34 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.73 | 1.00 |
| TOT. PUFA | 40.63 | 0.14 | 40.99 | 0.22 | 40.98 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 1.00 |
| Trans C18:1 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >Trans C20:4 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.41 |
| TOT. TRANS | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 0.72 |
| Indexes | ||||||||||
| ω-6/ω-3 | 6.59 | 0.18 | 7.33 | 0.28 | 7.23 | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
| Omega 3 Index | 5.57 | 0.12 | 5.16 | 0.19 | 5.34 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.73 | 1.00 |
| SFA/MUFA | 2.12 | 0.02 | 2.21 | 0.03 | 2.24 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 1.00 |
| ∆6D + ELO 20:3/18:2 b | 0.142 | 0.003 | 0.158 | 0.004 | 0.164 | 0.004 | <0.001 | |||
| ∆5D 20:4/20:3 | 9.59 | 0.18 | 8.46 | 0.29 | 8.96 | 0.24 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.12 | 0.59 |
| ∆9D 16:1/16:0 | 0.018 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.43 | 1 |
| ∆9D 18:1/18:0 | 0.994 | 0.01 | 0.928 | 0.017 | 0.916 | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 1 |
| PUFA BALANCE | 13.71 | 0.28 | 12.58 | 0.45 | 13.00 | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.40 | 1.00 |
| Peroxidation Index | 137.18 | 0.81 | 136.62 | 1.31 | 138.00 | 1.10 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unsaturation Index | 161.58 | 0.57 | 161.27 | 0.91 | 162.28 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE). Adjusted for age, sex, and dietary components, extracted from the principal component analysis of dietary nutrient intake (individual FAs, families (SFA, MUFA, and PUFA), total lipids (%Energy), carbohydrates, fiber, proteins, and calories). a Post hoc tests were conducted with a Bonferroni adjustment. b Levene’s test of homogeneity of variance was not met.