Table 2.

Charting the data of included studies in the systematic review.

ID.	Authors and Year	Objectives	Geographical Context and Length	Design and Approaches	Participants	Interventions	Instruments and Measures	Effectiveness
[60]	Amoah et al., 2019	To study how conscious and collaborative interventions affect the older persons’ perception of age-friendliness of various AFC domains and the implications for health-related well-being over time	Urban (Hong Kong’s Islands District) 17 months	NC AFCC	NI: 946 PA: ≥50 MA: 71.4% W: 78.1% Randomness: NR	TY: Environmental AP: Risk reduction; environmental adaptations ST: Prevention; management Domain: H; T; OS; CS; SP; RS; CP; IC FI: Individually based	Quantitative methods: pre- and post-intervention study M: self-rated health (Likert scale) DA: Binary logistic regression	HE: with no improvement in self-rated health BE: more participation DE: improvement in 5 domains of AFCC TEE: short term
[61]	Atkins, 2019	To examine how stakeholders (government, peak bodies and the not-for-profit sectors) prioritize age-friendly communities through interventions to improve older people’s well-being	Metropolitan (metropolitan area of Perth, Australia) 2 months	NC AFCC	NI: 117 NG: 23 PA: n/d MA: n/d %W: n/d Randomness: NR	TY: Environmental AP: Risk reduction ST: Prevention Domain: H; T; OS; CS; SP; RS; CP; IC FI: Group format	Quantitative and qualitative methods: Q methodology; semi-structured interviews; focus groups M: n/d DA: Factor analysis	HE: n/d BE: more social participation among older adults DE: ease of use of transport TEE: short term
[62]	Broome et al., 2013	To evaluate the impact of implementing age-friendly guidelines for public buses on bus use, usability and social participation for older persons	Urban (Hervey Bay and North of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) 24 months	NRC AFCC	N: 335 NI: 100 (users and non-users) PA: ≥60 MA: 72.4 % W:78.9% Randomness: NR	TY: Environmental AP: Risk reduction; socials. ST: Prevention; management Domain: T FI: Individually based	Quantitative methods: pre- and post-intervention study; data were compared with nominal group technique data collected from a previous study M: Social Activities Participation (based on the Social Activities Checklist: SOCACT: frequency and satisfaction scale) DA: Multinomial logistic regression	HE: n/d BE: the frequency of use of transport for older adults Does not increaseDE: improvement the ease of use of transportation TEE: short term
[63]	Gough and Cassidy, 2017	In the context of the Fountain of Health Initiative for Optimal Ageing, related to the AFCC, this paper aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the peer-led educational groups to promote health knowledge and behaviours at the community level	Urban areas (Halifax Regional Municipality) and rural areas (Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia), Canada 6 weeks (90 min per series)	NRCr AFCC through the Fountain of Health Initiative for Optimal Ageing areas, related to AFCC	Ni: 51 PA: ≥50 MA: n/d %W: 75.3% Randomness: NR	TY: Multicomponent AP: Information and education ST: Management Domain: SP; RS FI: Group format	Quantitative and qualitative methods: pre- and post-intervention study; peer-led education series M: Self-perception of aging based on the Attitudes Towards Own Aging subscale. DA: Chi squared; paired samples t-test.	HE: n/d BE: improvement attitudes towards ageing DE: more social participation TEE: short term
[64]	Jitramontree et al., 2015	To develop and implement a Multifactorial Age-friendly Fall Prevention program (MAFPP) among older people living in the community	Intraurban (west of Bangkok, Thailand) Several months (no specification)	NC AFCC Through the Multifactorial Age-friendly Fall Prevention Program (MAFPP)	NI: 50 NF: 20 NP: 10 PA: ≥60 MA: n/d %W: n/d Randomness: NR	TY: Multicomponent AP: Risk reduction; support groups. ST: Prevention; management Domain: H; CP FI: Group format	Qualitative methods: focus groups and in-depth interviews M: Thai Fall Risk Assessment Test (Thai-FRAT) DA: thematic analysis	HE: improvement in the prevention of falls BE: better communication DE: decrease environmental risk in housing TEE: short term
[65]	Kam, 2020	Evaluate the effectiveness of the EPS (Empowerment, Participation and Strengths) intervention model in older users of the public transport system	Intraurban (Hong Kong districts) Several months (no specification)	NC AFCCthrough the EPS principles (Empowerment, Participation and Strength)	N: 1683 NI: 30 PA: ≥60 MA: n/d %W: n/d Randomness: NR	TY: Psychosocial AP: Socials ST: Prevention Domain: T FI: Group format	Quantitative and qualitative methods: survey; focus groups; observational study through site visits; M: structured questionnaireDA: n/d	HE: n/d BE: user satisfaction; empowerment DE: transport service adaptation improvements TEE: short term
[66]	Kuo and Chen, 2019	Under the assumption of the knowledge and attitudes of employees toward ageing are important for successful of Age-Friendly Hospital (AFH), this observational study aimed at examining the certification process of an AFH using John Kotter’s change model and evaluating the changes in employees’ knowledge of ageing and their attitudes towards the elderly	Building (the Cardinal Tien Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, as a teaching hospital) 8 months	RCr AFCC based on the Age-Friendly Hospital certification process	N: 336 Ni: 163 PA: ≥20 MA: 39.2 %W: n/d Randomness: R	TY: Psychosocial AP: Training ST: Management Domain: CS; RS FI: Individually based and Group format	Quantitative and qualitative methods: self-administered online questionnaire pre- and post-intervention; observational study M: Facts on Ageing Quiz (FAQ1) scale assess physical, psychological and social factors; the Geriatric Attitudes Scale (GAS); change evaluation through SWOT analysis DA: Paired samples t-test.	HE: n/d BE: positive effect of employees’ attitude towards ageing DE: improvements in health service SO: improvements in organization and management TEE: short term
[67]	Lee et al., 2018	To evaluate the impact of a community transport intervention on the independence and well-being of older people living in an urban community	Urban (Perth, Australia) 4 months	NC AFCC	NI: 32 (functional disability, no cognitive impairment) PA: ≥65 MA: n/d %W: 75% Randomness: n/d	TY: Environmental AP: Risk reduction; environmental adaptations ST: Prevention Domain: T FI: Individually based	Longitudinal analysis based on quantitative and qualitative methods: pre- and post-intervention interviews, in-depth interviews M: The Personal Component of the Housing Enabler (Functional Limitations and Dependence on Mobility devices) DA: descriptive analyses. Qualitative analysis through NVivo software	HE: no health improvements BE: improves independence and the perception of safety at exits. No communications improvements DE: relative effectiveness of the transport service adaptation improvements TEE: short term
[68]	Levert et al., 2016	This observational analysis aimed at adapting, implementing and evaluating an intervention based on personalized citizen support (Citizen Intervention in Community Living project) for older people with traumatic brain injury (TBI), in order to know the facilitators or the barriers in their use of public spaces in the residential environment.	Intraurban (Montreal, Canadá) 20 h	RCr AFCC	NI: 3 PA: ≥65 MA: 85.3 %W: 66.6% Randomness: R	TY: Multicomponent AP: Risk reduction; socials ST: Prevention Domain: H; T; SP; RS FI: Individually based	Qualitative methods: direct observational study with inductive approach through site visits M: fieldwork script DA: Thematic and cross-sectional analysis	HE: n/d BE: proactive behaviour in exits; preventive social support DE: social participation improvement TEE: short term
[69]	Pejner et al., 2019	To develop and evaluate healthcare technologies through designing, developing and evaluating an age-friendly smart home that uses smart technologies to collect and compile health-related evidence in order to support decision making and communication regarding medication self-managing among older people	Urban (municipalities of Halmstad and Hylte, Halland, Sweden) 3 months (3 h per session)	NRCr AFCC through the Intelligent Age-Friendly Home (IAFH)	NI: 10 participants with polypharmacy and home care NF: 10 NP: 10 PA: ≥65 MA: n/d %W: 69% Randomness: NR	TY: Multicomponent AP: Risk reduction; environmental adaptations; incorporation of assistive technology; training ST: Prevention; management Domain: CS FI: Individually based and group format	Quantitative and qualitative methods: survey; focus groups; participatory design. Several phases: conceptualization of the system; development; pilot study; full-scale intervention M: Morisky Medication Adherence Scale; Personal Well-being Index-Adult; Satisfaction with Life Scale; Serenity Scale DA: n/d	HE: relative effectiveness of adherence to medication BE: relative effectiveness due to an unwilling attitude to the use of assistive technology DE: relative effectiveness of technological systems in the home TEE: short term
[70]	Thompson et al., 2014	To evaluate the effects of residential streets improvements for the support of physical activity and well-being among older adults	Intraurban in locations of England, Wales and Scotland 30 months	NRC AFCC	N: 96 NI: 56 (residents); 40 (non-residents) PA: ≥65 MA: 75.2 %W: 60.4% Randomness: NR	TY: Multicomponent AP: Risk reduction; environmental adaptations; socials ST: Prevention; Management Domain: OS FI: Individually based	Quantitative methods: pre- and post-intervention surveys; Accelerometry. M: general health (EQ-5D) scale; quality of life (CASP-19); frequency of outdoor visits (walking, recreational walking, gardening, outdoor sports, other outdoor activities); Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL); neighbourhood open space (NOS) scale AD: Paired samples t-test; factor analysis; hierarchical blocked linear regressions; non-parametric tests (Mann–Whitney U or Kruskal–Wallis)	HE: no health improvements BE: no improvements in activity participation DE: street safety perception improvement TEE: medium term (between 3 and 6 months)

-Col. ID: the same as in the references section. -Col. Design of the intervention and Approaches: NRC: Non-Randomised Controlled intervention; RCr: Randomised Crossover intervention; NRCr: Non-randomised Crossover intervention; NC: Non-Controlled intervention. AFCC Age-Friendly Cities and Communities. -Col. Participants: N: Total participants; NI: Total participants in the intervention; NF: Total family participants; NP: Total professional participants; NG: Total participants of the Government; PA: Age of the participants; MA: Mean age; %W: percentage of women; Randomness: R: Randomized; NR: Non-randomized. -Col. Interventions: TY: Type; AP: Approach; ST: Strategy. Domain of the interventions: H (housing); T (transportation); OS (outdoor spaces and buildings); CS (community support and health services); SP (social participation); RS (respect and social inclusion); CP (civic participation and employment); IC (information and communication). FI: Format of the interventions: single; collective. -Col. Instruments/Measures: M: Measures; DA: Data analysis. -Col. Effectiveness of the interventions: HE: Effectiveness in improving risk factors for physical and psychological health; BE: Effectiveness of behavioural changes in lifestyle; OE: Effectiveness of changes in the results of organizations; DE: Effectiveness of changes in the results of the AFCC domains; TEE: Time elapsed at the end of the intervention for its evaluation. n/d: no data. Source: Own elaboration based on the included studies.