Table 4.
Risk of bias in the included studies.
| ID | Authors/Year | Design | Dropout Rates (%) | Risk of Bias | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absence of Randomness | Insufficient Information Regarding Participant Characteristics | Insufficient Information Regarding the Instruments and Measures Implemented | Insufficient Information Regarding Results Associated Intervention Effectiveness | Total | ||||
| (Degree) | (Degree) | (Degree) | (Degree) | (Degree) | ||||
| [60] | Amoah et al., 2019 | NC | n/d | High | Low | Moderated | Moderated | Moderated |
| [61] | Atkins, 2019 | NC | n/d | High | High | High | High | High |
| [62] | Broome et al., 2013 | NRC | n/d | High | Moderated | Low | Moderated | Moderated |
| [63] | Gough and Cassidy, 2017 | NRCr | 52.9 | High | Moderated | Moderated | High | High-Moderated |
| [64] | Jitramontree et al., 2015 | NC | n/d | High | High | High | High | High |
| [65] | Kam, 2020 | NC | n/d | Moderated | High | High | High | High-moderated |
| [66] | Kuo and Chen, 2019 | RCr | 51.5 | Low | Moderated | Low | Moderated | Low-Moderated |
| [67] | Lee et al., 2018 | NC | 34.4 | High | High | Moderated | Moderated | High-Moderated |
| [68] | Levert et al., 2016 | RCr | 0.0 | Moderated | Low | High | High | High-moderated |
| [69] | Pejner et al., 2019 | NRCr | n/d | High | Low | High | High | High-moderated |
| [70] | Thompson et al., 2014 | NRC | 53.2 | Moderated | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Total | High | Moderated | Moderated-High | High | High-Moderated | |||
ID: the same as in the references section. n/d: no data. Design of the intervention: NRC: Non-Randomised Controlled intervention; RCr: Randomised Crossover intervention; NRCr: Non-randomised Crossover intervention; NC: Non-Controlled intervention. Source: Own elaboration based on the included studies.