Table 3.

Administrative Studies Detailing the Outcomes Associated with Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE).

	Study	Population	Definition of HE	Outcome(s)
Incidence/Prevalence	Tapper	US Veterans with APRI>2.0 2005–2015	ICD-9 572.2 or the use of lactulose and/or rifaximin	The cumulative probabilities of overt HE at 1, 3, and 5 years was 22.6%, 36.9%, and 43.6%
	Tapper	US Medicare 2008–2015		Incidence rate: 11.6 per 100 person-years
	Nilsson	Sweden, 43% with ascites	Lactulose use	Cumulative incidence at 1 and 10 years, 6.4% and 26%
Mortality	Wong	Transplant waitlisted Americans 2003–2012	Manually entered grading	HE is associated with mortality: Grade 1–2 1.1.3 (1.02–1.26) Grade 3–4: 1.65 (1.44–1.89)
	Scaglione	Privately insured Americans with cirrhosis and a readmission 2010–2014	572.2	Adjusted mortality associated with HE 1.14 (1.04–1.24)
	Tapper	US Medicare 2008–2015 Optum commercial claims 2008–2015	ICD-9 572.2 or the use of lactulose and/or rifaximin	Median survival 0.95 and 2.5 years for those ≥65 or <65 years old; 1.1 and 3.9 years for those with or without ascites
Post-transplant mortality	Wong	Transplant waitlisted Americans 2003–2013	Manually entered grading	HE is associated with mortality: Grade 3–4: 1.27 (1.17–1.39)
Inpatient outcomes	Hirode	Hospitalized Americans 2010–2014	ICD-9 572.2	In-hospital mortality 12.3% from 13.4% Cost per admission 16,168 to 16,919
	Stepanova	Hospitalized Americans 2005–2009	ICD-9 572.2	In-hospital mortality 15.6% to 14.3% Cost per admissions 16,512 to 17,812
	Tapper	US Medicare 2008–2015 Optum commercial claims 2008–2015	ICD-9 572.2 or the use of lactulose and/or rifaximin	11.8 (IQR 2.9–38.0) hospital days per person-year Combination lactulose and rifaxmin use associated with lower hospital days and 30 day readmission
Costs	Roggeri	Hospitalized Italians 2011	ICD-9 572.2	Annual HE costs: 15,295 USD