Electrostatic binding affinity of each sample with hydroxyapatite particles (as an in vitro bone model, ≈2.5 μm in diameter) in PBS (pH 7.4, 150 mM) (n = 3, as multiple experiments). Here, dHA-Ce6 (the conjugation molar ratio of Ce6 to one repeating unit of HA was 0.14), (ALN)@dHA-Ce6 (the conjugation molar ratio of Ce6 and ALN to one repeating unit of HA was 0.14 and 0.43, respectively), (cRGD)@dHA-Ce6 (the conjugation molar ratio of Ce6 and cRGD to one repeating unit of HA was 0.14 and 0.10, respectively), (ALN/cRGD)@HDOC-Ce6 NP (the conjugation molar ratio of Ce6, ALN, cRGD to one repeating unit of HA was 0.25, 0.40, and 0.13, respectively), and (ALN/cRGD)@dHA-Ce6 (the conjugation molar ratio of Ce6, ALN, and cRGD to one repeating unit of HA was 0.14, 0.43, and 0.10, respectively) were used as experimental samples (Figures S1–S4).