Table 5.
Comparative results of participants’ spinal alignment.
| Items (Units) | Time (T) |
Group (G) | ANOVA (p-Value) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON (n = 40) | ERSG (n = 40) | G | T | G × T | ||
| Trunk inclination (°) | Pre | 2.27 ± 1.25 | 2.41 ± 1.37 | 0.126 | 0.016 | 0.001 |
| Post | 2.40 ± 1.22 | 1.54 ± 1.14 | ||||
| Trunk imbalance (°) | Pre | 5.84 ± 2.21 | 5.87 ± 2.32 | 0.167 | 0.030 | 0.005 |
| Post | 5.99 ± 1.79 | 4.74 ± 2.36 | ||||
| Pelvic tilt (°) | Pre | 4.63 ± 1.41 | 4.68 ± 1.62 | 0.075 | 0.117 | 0.001 |
| Post | 4.95 ± 1.61 | 3.79 ± 1.67 | ||||
| Pelvic torsion (°) | Pre | 2.21 ± 0.91 | 2.26 ± 0.97 | 0.323 | 0.532 | 0.076 |
| Post | 2.35 ± 0.81 | 1.97 ± 0.96 | ||||
| Kyphotic angle (°) | Pre | 45.58 ± 8.15 | 44.26 ± 7.79 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Post | 46.88 ± 7.87 | 36.57 ± 7.26 | ||||
| Lordotic angle (°) | Pre | 39.61 ± 8.45 | 38.63 ± 8.73 | 0.017 | 0.045 | 0.004 |
| Post | 40.63 ± 9.80 | 33.03 ± 10.32 | ||||
| Surface rotation to the right side (°) | Pre | 4.17 ± 2.13 | 4.13 ± 1.95 | 0.103 | 0.504 | 0.005 |
| Post | 4.61 ± 1.56 | 3.43 ± 1.78 | ||||
| Surface rotation to the left side (°) | Pre | −4.07 ± 2.56 | −4.17 ± 2.52 | 0.481 | 0.253 | 0.169 |
| Post | −4.14 ± 2.35 | −3.41 ± 2.28 | ||||
| Lateral deviation to the right side (mm) | Pre | 5.80 ± 2.00 | 6.02 ± 2.20 | 0.766 | 0.523 | 0.202 |
| Post | 5.97 ± 2.05 | 5.51 ± 2.28 | ||||
| Lateral deviation to the left side (mm) | Pre | −5.42 ± 2.03 | −5.63 ± 1.97 | 0.210 | 0.375 | 0.028 |
| Post | −5.86 ± 2.58 | −4.60 ± 2.81 | ||||
All data represent the mean ± standard deviation. CON, control group; ERSG, equine riding simulator group; ANOVA, analysis of variance. p-value was analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA test.