Table 3.
Laboratory variables associated with retinopathy in individuals with diabetes.
| Unadjusted/Non-Covariate Adjusted | Age-Adjusted | Ethnicity-Adjusted | Diabetes Duration-Adjusted | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Description | β-Coefficient | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | FDR-Adjusted p-Value | β-Coefficient | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | FDR-Adjusted p-Value | β-Coefficient | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | FDR-Adjusted p-Value | β-Coefficient | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | FDR-Adjusted p-Value |
| Glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) |
0.82 | 2.27 (1.84–2.8) |
*** | *** | 0.85 | 2.34 (1.87–2.92) |
*** | ** | 0.83 | 2.28 (1.82–2.87) |
*** | ** | 0.72 | 2.05 (1.55–2.73) |
*** | * |
| Random Glucose, serum (RBS) (mmol/L) |
0.54 | 1.72 (1.42–2.08) |
*** | ** | 0.57 | 1.77 (1.45–2.15) |
*** | * | 0.54 | 1.71 (1.41–2.09) |
*** | * | 0.36 | 1.43 (1.1–1.86) |
* | NS |
| Osmolality (mmol/Kg) | 0.49 | 1.63 (1.34–1.99) |
*** | * | 0.45 | 1.57 (1.3–1.9) |
*** | * | 0.49 | 1.63 (1.34–1.99) |
*** | NS | 0.39 | 1.48 (1.12–1.94) |
* | * |
| Albumin, urine (mg/L) | 0.45 | 1.57 (1.28–1.93) |
*** | * | 0.43 | 1.53 (1.24–1.88) |
** | * | 0.42 | 1.53 (1.25–1.87) |
** | NS | 0.25 | 1.28 (0.98–1.68) |
NS | NS |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | −0.33 | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) |
** | * | −0.30 | 0.74 (0.63–0.88) |
** | * | −0.29 | 0.75 (0.62–0.9) |
** | NS | 0.00 | 1 (0.73–1.37) |
NS | NS |
| Fasting Glucose(FBS) (mmol/L) |
0.49 | 1.63 (1.28–2.07) |
** | * | 0.51 | 1.66 (1.3–2.13) |
** | * | 0.46 | 1.59 (1.25–2.02) |
** | NS | 0.22 | 1.24 (0.93–1.66) |
NS | NS |
| 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), urine (ng/mL) | −0.26 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) |
** | NS | −0.20 | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) |
* | NS | −0.28 | 0.75 (0.65–0.87) |
** | NS | −0.25 | 0.78 (0.52–1.19) |
NS | NS |
| Iodine, urine (ug/L) | −0.17 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) |
** | NS | −0.21 | 0.81 (0.73–0.9) |
** | * | −0.15 | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) |
* | NS | −0.29 | 0.75 (0.63–0.89) |
** | * |
| Cobalt, urine (ug/L) | −0.51 | 0.6 (0.44–0.82) |
** | NS | −0.50 | 0.6 (0.45–0.82) |
** | * | −0.51 | 0.6 (0.44–0.81) |
** | NS | −0.52 | 0.59 (0.45–0.78) |
** | * |
| Haematocrit (%) | −0.31 | 0.73 (0.6–0.89) |
** | NS | −0.28 | 0.76 (0.62–0.92) |
* | NS | −0.28 | 0.75 (0.62–0.92) |
* | NS | −0.03 | 0.97 (0.7–1.35) |
NS | NS |
| Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (mmol/L) | 0.33 | 1.4 (1.13–1.73) |
** | NS | 0.27 | 1.31 (1.01–1.71) |
NS | NS | 0.35 | 1.43 (1.16–1.75) |
** | NS | 0.15 | 1.17 (0.87–1.57) |
NS | NS |
| Albumin (g/L) | −0.22 | 0.8 (0.69–0.93) |
* | NS | −0.21 | 0.81 (0.69–0.94) |
* | NS | −0.19 | 0.83 (0.7–0.99) |
NS | NS | −0.09 | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) |
NS | NS |
| Urinary Triclosan (ng/mL) | −0.42 | 0.65 (0.49–0.88) |
* | NS | −0.40 | 0.67 (0.5–0.89) |
* | NS | −0.42 | 0.66 (0.49–0.89) |
* | NS | −0.60 | 0.55 (0.36–0.83) |
* | * |
| Mean cell haemoglobin (pg) | −0.24 | 0.79 (0.66–0.93) |
* | NS | −0.27 | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) |
** | * | −0.17 | 0.84 (0.7–1.02) |
NS | NS | −0.01 | 0.99 (0.76–1.28) |
NS | NS |
| Lead, urine (µg/L) | −0.40 | 0.67 (0.49–0.91) |
* | NS | −0.40 | 0.67 (0.49–0.91) |
* | NS | −0.41 | 0.66 (0.49–0.9) |
* | NS | −0.43 | 0.65 (0.43–0.99) |
NS | NS |
| Creatinine, urine (µmol/L) | −0.22 | 0.8 (0.67–0.97) |
* | NS | −0.19 | 0.83 (0.68–1) |
NS | NS | −0.27 | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) |
* | NS | −0.28 | 0.76 (0.64–0.9) |
** | * |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (U/L) | −0.25 | 0.78 (0.62–0.97) |
* | NS | −0.20 | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) |
NS | NS | −0.22 | 0.81 (0.64–1.01) |
NS | NS | −0.09 | 0.92 (0.68–1.23) |
NS | NS |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 0.24 | 1.27 (1.04–1.54) |
* | NS | 0.18 | 1.19 (0.96–1.48) |
NS | NS | 0.20 | 1.23 (0.99–1.53) |
NS | NS | 0.13 | 1.14 (0.89–1.45) |
NS | NS |
| Red blood cell count (million cells/µL) | −0.19 | 0.82 (0.7–0.97) |
* | NS | −0.13 | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) |
NS | NS | −0.19 | 0.83 (0.7–0.98) |
NS | NS | 0.01 | 1.01 (0.74–1.37) |
NS | NS |
| Mean cell volume (fL) | −0.21 | 0.81 (0.68–0.98) |
* | NS | −0.25 | 0.78 (0.65–0.93) |
* | NS | −0.15 | 0.86 (0.71–1.06) |
NS | NS | −0.05 | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) |
NS | NS |
| Platelet count (1000 cells/µL) | −0.21 | 0.81 (0.68–0.98) |
* | NS | −0.18 | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) |
NS | NS | −0.23 | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) |
* | NS | −0.29 | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) |
NS | NS |
| Mean platelet volume (fL) | 0.24 | 1.27 (1.04–1.55) |
* | NS | 0.26 | 1.3 (1.06–1.59) |
* | NS | 0.22 | 1.25 (1.02–1.53) |
NS | NS | 0.09 | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) |
NS | NS |
| Cotinine (ng/mL) | −0.15 | 0.86 (0.76–0.99) |
* | NS | −0.09 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) |
NS | NS | −0.18 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) |
* | NS | −0.06 | 0.94 (0.66–1.34) |
NS | NS |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | −0.32 | 0.73 (0.55–0.97) |
* | NS | −0.30 | 0.74 (0.55–1) |
NS | NS | −0.29 | 0.75 (0.56–1) |
NS | NS | −0.22 | 0.8 (0.51–1.26) |
NS | NS |
| Blood cadmium (nmol/L) | −0.23 | 0.8 (0.65–0.97) |
* | NS | −0.25 | 0.78 (0.64–0.95) |
* | NS | −0.23 | 0.79 (0.64–0.98) |
NS | NS | −0.28 | 0.76 (0.5–1.16) |
NS | NS |
| Urinary perchlorate (ng/mL) | −0.25 | 0.78 (0.63–0.95) |
* | NS | −0.24 | 0.78 (0.63–0.98) |
* | NS | −0.24 | 0.78 (0.64–0.96) |
* | NS | −0.31 | 0.73 (0.53–1.01) |
NS | NS |
| Urinary nitrate (ng/mL) | −0.28 | 0.75 (0.6–0.94) |
* | NS | −0.23 | 0.79 (0.63–1) |
NS | NS | −0.27 | 0.76 (0.6–0.96) |
* | NS | −0.34 | 0.71 (0.55–0.91) |
* | NS |
| Cesium, urine (µg/L) | −0.33 | 0.72 (0.54–0.95) |
* | NS | −0.32 | 0.72 (0.55–0.96) |
* | NS | −0.33 | 0.72 (0.54–0.95) |
* | NS | −0.34 | 0.71 (0.47–1.06) |
NS | NS |
| Thallium, urine (µg/L) | −0.40 | 0.67 (0.48–0.95) |
* | NS | −0.39 | 0.68 (0.48–0.96) |
* | NS | −0.42 | 0.66 (0.47–0.92) |
* | NS | −0.48 | 0.62 (0.4–0.94) |
* | NS |
| Vitamin D2 or D3 25OHD2 + 25OHD3 (nmol/L) |
−0.24 | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) |
* | NS | −0.25 | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) |
* | NS | −0.18 | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) |
NS | NS | −0.20 | 0.82 (0.61–1.1) |
NS | NS |
| Blood Toluene (ng/mL) | −0.21 | 0.81 (0.68–0.96) |
* | NS | −0.20 | 0.82 (0.69–0.97) |
* | NS | −0.22 | 0.8 (0.65–0.98) |
NS | NS | −0.30 | 0.74 (0.45–1.21) |
NS | NS |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | −0.19 | 0.82 (0.69–0.99) |
NS | NS | −0.18 | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) |
NS | NS | −0.25 | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) |
* | NS | −0.27 | 0.77 (0.6–0.98) |
* | NS |
| Barium, urine (µg/L) | −0.39 | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) |
NS | NS | −0.38 | 0.69 (0.48–0.99) |
NS | NS | −0.38 | 0.68 (0.47–1) |
NS | NS | −0.44 | 0.64 (0.47–0.87) |
* | * |
| Urinary 4-tert-octylphenol (ng/mL) | −0.34 | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) |
NS | NS | −0.33 | 0.72 (0.46–1.12) |
NS | NS | −0.42 | 0.66 (0.43–1.01) |
NS | NS | −0.82 | 0.44 (0.23–0.87) |
* | NS |
| Dimethyl dithiophosphate (µg/L) | −0.31 | 0.74 (0.51–1.06) |
NS | NS | −0.35 | 0.71 (0.49–1.01) |
NS | NS | −0.21 | 0.81 (0.59–1.12) |
NS | NS | −0.67 | 0.51 (0.29–0.91) |
* | NS |
Variables were first tested in an unadjusted/non-covariate adjusted analysis, and then again adjusting for age, ethnicity, and diabetes duration. To provide a broad overview, any variable passing nominal (i.e., prior to FDR-correction) p ≤ 0.05 from either the non-covariate adjusted or any of the covariate-adjusted analyses are listed. OR, odds ratio; NS, not statistically significant; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.