Table 5.
Oxidative stress markers in the study participants.
| VARIABLES | T2DM 38-Months | CG 38-Months | p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +DR | −DR | +A/ω3 | −A/ω3 | End of study | |||
| +A/ω3 | −A/ω3 | +A/ω3 | −A/ω3 | ||||
| MDA/TBARS (µM) | 3 (0.2) | 3.7 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.2) | 3.0 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.1) | 2.0 (0.1) | 0.001 ** |
| TAC (mM) | 1.8 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | 2.0 (0.1) | 1.5 (0.1) | 3.2 (0.2) | 2.8 (0.2) | 0.001 ** |
| GSH (µM) | 1.4 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.2) | 0.842 |
| Vit C (µmol/mL) | 45 (18) | 33 (15) | 43 (16) | 40 (21) | 59 (20) | 56 (20) | 0.001 ** |
MDA/TBARS: Malondyaldehyde/Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TAC: Total antioxidant capacity; GSH: Total glutathione; Vit C: Vitamin C-Ascorbic acid; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; CG: Control group. +A/ω3: Assigned to the daily supplementation with antioxidants and omega 3 fatty acids; −A/ω3: Not assigned to the supplementation regime. Values are mean (SD) for each eye. p-value (** p < 0.001) reflects statistical differences between the T2DM and CG of participants at the end of the study (38-month follow-up). All comparisons were made using the Mann–Whitney U test.