Table 1.
Regulators of hybrid/partial EMT in various cancer models.
| Model | Regulators of Partial EMT | Effect | Mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human bladder cancer (RT4), NSCLC (H1975) cells | NRF2 | Stabilize hybrid EMT | ↑E-cad, ↑ZEB1 | [19] |
| Human clear cell RCC (SN12C and ACHN) cells | WT1 | Hybrid EMT, tumourigenicity | ↑SNAI1, ↑E-cad | [20] |
| MDCK cells | YBX1 | ↑SNAI1, ↑Twist, ↑ADAM9, ↑ADAM17, ↑TGF-β1, ↑CSF-1, ↑NGF, ↑VGF, ↑SERPIN E1, | [21] | |
| Human breast (MCF10A) cells | PRRX2 | Hybrid EMT, migration, invasion, tumourigenesis, poor survival, aggressiveness | ↓CDH1, ↑Vimentin, ↑fibronectin-1, ↑CDH2, ↑SNAI2, ↑ZEB1, ↑TWIST1, ↑tPA | [22] |
| Human NSCLC (A549, H23) cells | miR-151a | Partial EMT, proliferation, migration | ↓E-cad, ↑fibronectin, ↑Slug | [23] |
| Human HNSCC (Cal27) cell | MYOSLID | Partial EMT, metastasis | ↑Slug, ↑PDPN, ↑LAMB3 | [24] |
| Human HCC (SNU-449) cells | HOTAIR | Hybrid EMT, migratory phenotype | ↓F-actin stress fibrils, ↑β-catenin, ↑E-cad, ↓Vimentin, ↓c-Met | [25] |
| Human colorectal cancer (Caco-2) cells | NEO1 | Partial EMT, motility, metastasis | ↓F-Actin stress-fibres, ↓zonula adherens, ↑MMP1, ↑fibronectin-1, ↑ITGB1 | [26] |
| HCCs from patients | DEPTOR | ↑SNAI1, ↑TGF-β1-smad3/smad4 signaling, ↓mTOR | [27] | |
| Human HCC (HepG2) cells | Endosulfan | Hybrid EMT, anoikis resistance | ↑SNAI1, ↑Slug, ↑XIAP mRNA, ↑fibronectin, | [28] |
| Human cervix (SiHa), pharynx (FaDu), colorectal (HCT-116 and HT-29) cancer cells | TGF-β2 | Hybrid EMT | ↑N-cad, ↑SNAI1, ↑Slug, ↑ZEB1, ↑vimentin, ↓ZO-1, ↓E-cad | [29] |
| Human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) (SUM149 and SUM190) cells | CSF-1 | ↓E-cad, ↑vimentin, ↓Krt18, ↓CLDN1, ↑Twist1, ↑SNAI1, ↓plakoglobin | [30] | |
| RCC from TSC patients | mTORC1 and mTORC2 | E-cad+, vimentin+ | [31] | |
| CTCs of CRPC patients | FOXC2 | E-cad+, N-cad+ | [32] | |
| Human HCC (Huh7) cells | Slug | Partial EMT, enhanced motility, chemo-resistance | ↑fibronectin-1, ↑Collagen type II alpha 1, ↑FGG | [33] |
Abbreviations: ADAM, A disintegrin and metalloproteinases; CLDN1, claudin-1; CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer; CSF-1, colony stimulating factor 1; DEPTOR, DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein; FGG, fibrinogen gamma chain; FOXC2- Forkhead box protein C2; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HOTAIR, HOX Transcript Antisense Intergenic RNA; IBC, inflammatory breast cancer; Krt, Keratin; LAMB3, laminin subunit beta 3; MDCK, Madin–Darby canine kidney cell; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; MYOSLID, myocardin-induced smooth muscle lncRNA, inducer of differentiation; NEO1, neogenin1; NGF, nerve growth factor; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma; PDPN, podoplanins; PRRX2, paired-related homeobox 2 transcription factor; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator; TSC, Tuberous sclerosis; WT1, Wilm’s tumour transcription factor; XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein; YBX1, Y box binding protein 1.