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. 2020 Nov 12;21(22):8505. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228505

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Actionable mechanisms to overcome chemoresistance in AML. (A) Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of 30–100 nm in diameter released from body fluids serving as natural nanocarriers with the possibility to manipulate their structure for clinical use. (B) Nanomedicine comprehends a variety of different nanoscale drug delivery systems possibly useful for better delivery of chemotherapy agents. (C) Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) machinery disruption via genetic (mutations) or epigenetic (downmodulation of the expression) mechanisms may lead to immune system evasion. (D) The study of gene regulation via miRNA or lncRNA may represent a useful tool to identify biomarkers of chemosensitivity being promising as also potential therapeutic targets. Images were generated using BioRender.