Table 1.
Characteristics of included cross-sectional studies in systematic review of dietary sodium, potassium, sodium-to-potassium ratio, and cardiovascular disease.
| Author, Year [Reference] | Country | Participants Characteristics | Exposure | Sodium/Potassium Intake Assessment | Outcome Measures | Covariates | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guligowska AR, 2015 [31] | Poland |
n = 239 (66 men) mean age = 72.0 ± 9.34 years |
Sodium Potassium |
24-hour recall questionnaire | Cardiometabolic disease (hypertension, history of ischemic heart disease, chronic HF or MI) | None | No significant differences for dietary sodium and potassium were found between participants with hypertension or disease history and healthy peers, except for sodium intake that was lower in patients with a history of MI (2680 ± 1019 mg vs. 3471 ± 1242 mg, p = 0.010) compared to their counterparts. |
| Dolmatova EV, 2018 [24] | USA |
n = 13,033 with self -reported hypertension (6910 men) mean age = 60 ± 14 years |
Sodium | 24-h recall questionnaire | History of MI, HF, stroke BP |
Age | In univariate analysis lower sodium consumption was found among adults with a history of MI, HF, and stroke (p < 0.001) but the difference did not remain significant after adjustment for age. Higher SBP and lower DBP were associated with higher sodium in univariate analysis, but the difference was no longer significant after adjustment for age. |
| Iida, 2019 [32] | Japan |
n = 288 (116 men) mean age = 79.7 ± 4.2 years |
Salt (NaCl) | Spot urine samples | BP | Age, sex, height, body weight, smoking status, PA, comorbidity (cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases), diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, alcohol intake, and medication (antihypertensive agents and diuretics) | A one-unit higher value in estimated salt intake (per g/d) was associated with a higher SBP (adjusted difference: 1.73 mmHg, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.76 mmHg). One SD higher value in estimated salt intake (per g/d) was also associated with a higher SBP (adjusted difference: 4.13 mmHg, 95% CI 1.69 to 6.57 mmHg). A one-unit or SD higher values in estimated salt intake (per g/d) were not associated with higher DPB. |
| Kyung Kim, 2019 [33] | Korea |
n = 217 (94 men) median age = 60 (IQR: 57-63) |
Sodium Potassium Sodium to potassium ratio |
24-hour urine excretion | 24-hour ambulatory BP | Age, gender, BMI, smoking, and use of antihypertensive medications | Nighttime blood pressure linearly increased with 24-h urine sodium (SBP: β = 0.1706, 95% CI 0.0361–0.3052; DBP: β = 0.1440, 95% CI 0.0117–0.2763) and the sodium to potassium ratio (SBP: β = 0.1415, 95% CI 0.0127–0.2703; DBP: β = 0.1441 95% CI 0.0181–0.2700). The 24-h BP was linearly increased with sodium to potassium ratio (SBP: β = 0.1325, 95% CI 0.0031–0.2620; DBP: β = 0.1234 95% CI 0.0025–0.2444). Non-linear associations were found between daytime blood pressure (SBP and DBP), 24-hour SBP and sodium (p < 0.05). |
| Koca TT, 2019 [23] | Turkey |
n = 82 (50 patients with stroke (28 men) and 32 controls (13 men)) mean age stroke group = 65.9 ± 14.6 years mean age contro groupl = 60.9 ± 14.1 years |
Sodium Potassium Sodium-to-potassium ratio |
Spot urine samples | Stroke | None | Urinary sodium to potassium ratio was not significantly different between stroke and control groups. Urinary potassium, sodium, and sodium to potassium ratio excretion was significantly lower in male patients with stroke compared to healthy male (p < 0.05 for all). |
BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HF, heart failure; MI, myocardial infarction; PA, physical activity; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; USA, United States of America; IQR, interquartile range.