Figure 1.

Cell localization and functions of cytochrome c. Cc is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, vacuole and zymogen granules under homeostasis. However, during DNA damage and apoptosis stimuli, mitochondrial Cc travels into the nucleus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the cytoplasm, respectively. The most relevant functions performed by Cc in each location are explained in the boxes. Color key: blue, physiological functions; red, functions performed under stress; and black, unknown functions. Created with BioRender.com (https://biorender.com/).