Table 3.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the associations between postdiagnostic dietary intake and mortality among colorectal cancer survivors.
| Dietary Factor | All-Cause Mortality | CRC Mortality | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (I2) | RR/HR (95% CI) | N (I2) | RR/HR (95% CI) | |
| Food items | ||||
| Whole grain | 3 (0%) | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) | 1 (NA) | 0.57 (0.35–0.92) |
| Refined grain | 1 (NA) | 1.88 (1.25–2.85) | ||
| Red and processed meat | 1 (NA) | 0.94 (0.68–1.30) | 1 (NA) | 1.10 (0.61–1.98) |
| Dark fish | 1 (NA) | 0.68 (0.48–0.96) | ||
| Canned tuna fish | 1 (NA) | 1.23 (0.82–1.84) | ||
| Other fish | 1 (NA) | 1.03 (0.71–1.48) | ||
| Fish products | 1 (NA) | 1.10 (0.74–1.64) | ||
| Other seafood | 1.04 (0.73–1.50) | |||
| Sugar and sweet products | 1 (NA) | 1.11 (0.79–1.58) | ||
| Total dairy | 1 (NA) | 0.75 (0.56–1.01) | 1 (NA) | 0.73 (0.44–1.23) |
| Milk | 1 (NA) | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) | 1 (NA) | 0.93 (0.59–1.49) |
| Tea | 1 (NA) | 0.82 (0.40–1.68) | ||
| Coffee | 2 (0%) | 0.69 (0.55–0.98) | 1 (NA) | 0.48 (0.28–0.83) |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 2 (86.4%) | 0.84 (0.32–2.23) | ||
| Alcohol | 1 (NA) | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | 1 (NA) | 1.44 (0.80–2.60) |
| Macronutrients | ||||
| Carbohydrates | 2 (69.5%) | 1.44 (0.98–2.11) | 1 (NA) | 1.91 (1.17–3.12) |
| Proteins | 1 (NA) | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) | 1 (NA) | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) |
| Lipids | 1 (NA) | 0.87 (0.72–1.07) | 1 (NA) | 0.68 (0.44–1.06) |
| SFA | 1 (NA) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 1 (NA) | 1.30 (0.77–2.19) |
| MUFA | 1 (NA) | 0.89 (0.69–1.14) | 1 (NA) | 0.87 (0.50–1.53) |
| PUFA | 1 (NA) | 0.81 (0.66–0.98) | 1 (NA) | 0.72 (0.48–1.09) |
| Omega-3 | 2 (0%) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | ||
| Fiber | 1 (NA) | 0.64 (0.51–0.80) | 1 (NA) | 0.54 (0.35–0.84) |
| Micronutrients | ||||
| Calcium | 2 (0%) | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 2 (57.9%) | 0.76 (0.43–1.34) |
| Vitamin D | 1 (NA) | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 1 (NA) | 1.28 (0.78–2.11) |
| Dietary patterns | ||||
| Prudent pattern | 3 (34.8%) | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 2 (0%) | 0.64 (0.43–0.95) |
| Unhealthy pattern | 3 (52.9%) | 1.47 (1.05–2.05) | 2 (0%) | 1.69 (1.09–2.64) |
| Dietary index | ||||
| ACS | 2 (55.8%) | 0.62 (0.43–0.89) | 1 (NA) | 0.35 (0.17–0.73) |
| HEI/aHEI | 1 (NA) | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 1 (NA) | 0.72 (0.43–1.21) |
| MED/aMED | 1 (NA) | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) | 1 (NA) | 0.84 (0.50–1.42) |
| DASH | 2 (11.5%) | 0.85 (0.70–1.05) | 2 (35.5%) | 0.69 (0.45–1.06) |
| DII/eDII | 2 (0%) | 1.37 (1.01–1.87) | ||
| Glycemic index | 1 (NA) | 1.23 (0.83–1.82) | ||
| Glycemic load | 1 (NA) | 1.74 (1.20–2.51) | ||
| Insulin index | 1 (NA) | 1.89 (1.22–2.91) | 1 (NA) | 1.66 (1.10–2.50) |
| Insulin load | 1 (NA) | 2.30 (1.36–3.87) | 1 (NA) | 1.82 (1.20–2.75) |
N, number of individual studies; NA, not applicable; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; ACS, American Cancer Society recommendations score; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; aHEI, alternate Healthy Eating Index; MED, Mediterranean Diet score; aMED, alternate Mediterranean Diet score; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score; DII, Dietary Inflammatory Index; eDII, energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index. Bold font indicates statistical significance.