Table 2.

Simulation parameters.

Parameter	Value
Simulation time [days]	4
GW	1
$\lambda$	24 packets/day
Packet length [bytes]	51 [24]
UL packet transmission limit	8
Path loss exponent	3.76 [33]
Propagation model	log-distance
Shadowing	de-correlation distance = 110 m [34] and
	variance = 6 dB [35]
ED movement speed [m/s]	0.5∼1.5
Transmit power [dBm]	2∼14
Frequency region	EU-868
Channel bandwidth [kHz]	125
Coding rate	4/8