Table 1.

Overview of the interoperability standards in healthcare.

Category	Standard	Short Description
Vocabulary/terminology standards	ICD-10 and ICD-11 [13]	Medical classification list of diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases by the World Health Organization (WHO).
	NDC [14]	List of all drugs manufactured
	SNOMED-CT [15]	Clinical health terminology
	LOINC [16]	A universal code system for identifying health measurements, observations and documents.
Content standards	HL7 [17]	Messaging standard that allows the exchange of clinical data between systems
Transport standards	DICOM [18]	The standard for the communication and management of medical imaging information.
	FHIR [19]	An HL7 standard for electronic exchange of healthcare information
Privacy and security standards	HIPAA [20]	Privacy and security of protected health information (US)
	GDPR [21]	Privacy and security of protected information (Europe)