Table 2.
Univariable Cox and Fine-Gray regression analyses comparing all vulvar recurrences, and primary and remote site vulvar recurrences with clinico-pathological variables.
| Variable Title | All Vulvar Recurrence | Primary Vulvar Recurrence | Remote Vulvar Recurrence |
|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) p-value | SHR (95% CI) p-value | SHR (95% CI) p-value | |
| Age > 65 years (Ref: ≤65 years) | 1.16 (0.74−1.82) 0.52 | 1.38 (0.69−2.77) 0.36 | 0.98 (0.54−1.77) 0.94 |
| Current smoker—Yes (Ref: No) | 0.33 (0.17−0.64) 0.001 | 0.34 (0.12−0.96) 0.04 | 0.37 (0.15−0.86) 0.02 |
| Tumour size >4 cm (Ref: ≤4 cm) | 1.22 (0.64−2.32) 0.54 | 1.79 (0.77−4.15) 0.17 | 0.69 (0.24−1.98) 0.49 |
| Margin distance (Ref: ≥8 mm) | |||
| <5mm margins | 1.17 (0.64−2.16) 0.61 | 8.82 (3.54−21.99) < 0.001 | 0.00 † |
| 5 mm to < 8 mm margins | 1.06 (0.59−1.92) 0.84 | 7.59 (3.04−18.95) < 0.001 | 0.07 (0.01−0.54) 0.01 |
| Margin treatment | |||
| < 8mm treated margins (Ref: all other margins) | 0.34 (0.12−0.93) 0.04 | 0.95 (0.34−2.70) 0.93 | 0.00 † |
| Nodal status a—Positive (Ref: negative) | 1.82 (1.15−2.89) 0.01 | 3.77 (1.91−7.46) < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.40−1.65) 0.57 |
| Tumour differentiation | |||
| Mod/Poor (Ref: well differentiated) | 1.29 (0.82−2.03) 0.27 | 1.92 (0.92−4.03) 0.08 | 0.93 (0.52−1.66) 0.81 |
| Lymphovascular invasion—Yes (Ref: No) | 1.67 (0.90−3.09) 0.10 | 2.67 (1.21−5.91) 0.02 | 0.79 (0.27−2.30) 0.67 |
| Perineural invasion—Yes (Ref: No) | 1.95 (0.78−4.86) 0.15 | 3.12 (1.08−9.06) 0.04 | 0.56 (0.07−4.33) 0.58 |
| Depth of invasion—>5 mm (Ref: ≤5 mm) | 1.23 (0.77−1.97) 0.39 | 1.51 (0.76−2.99) 0.24 | 0.97 (0.51−1.82) 0.92 |
| Epithelial abnormality (Ref: No abnormality) b | |||
| Lichen sclerosus (LS) +/- SH | 1.63 (0.80−3.29) 0.18 | 2.40 (0.66−8.77) 0.19 | 1.20 (0.51−2.83) 0.68 |
| dVIN present, not at margin | 0.98 (0.44−2.19) 0.96 | 2.18 (0.57−8.35) 0.25 | 0.50 (0.17−1.51) 0.22 |
| dVIN at margin | 2.07 (0.88−4.89) 0.10 | 3.73 (0.87−15.95) 0.08 | 1.21 (0.41−3.60) 0.73 |
| uVIN present | 0.43 (0.20−0.96) 0.04 | 0.60 (0.14−2.55) 0.49 | 0.40 (0.15−1.05) 0.06 |
| LS + dVIN | 0.78 (0.25−2.47) 0.68 | 0.73 (0.08−6.81) 0.78 | 0.84 (0.24−2.95) 0.79 |
HR indicates hazard ratio; SHR, subdistribution hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, Reference group; LS, lichen sclerosus; SH, squamous hyperplasia; dVIN, differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia; uVIN, usual-type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia; a 1 patient nodal status unknown, b 1 uVIN + dVIN excluded. † The SHR could not be estimated as no remote recurrences were observed in the <5 mm and treated margin groups.