Table 3.
Detection of botulinum toxin in sera of patients with food-borne botulism and time between the symptom onset and serum sampling.
| Country | Year | Days from Symptom Onset to Serum Sampling | Toxin Positive-Sera | BoNT Type | Additional Detection | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | 1970–1973 1 | 2 | 2 | B | [43] | |
| 6–18 | 16 | |||||
| 20–21 | 2 | |||||
| 87 | 2 | |||||
| 120 | 1 | |||||
| USA | 1975–1988 | 0–3 | 60–70% 2 | A, B, E | [51] | |
| ≥ 4 | 13–28% 2 | |||||
| Japan | 1984 | 4 | 1 | B | [54] | |
| Alaska | 1959–2007 | 4–11 | 11 | B | [55] | |
| 5–7 | 3 | E | ||||
| 4 | 1 | A | ||||
| USA | 1991 | 4 | 1 | F 3 | neg at day 14 | [56] |
| Argentina | 1998 | 10–12 | 3 | A | [59] | |
| Finland | 1999 | 1 | 1 | E | [60] | |
| USA | 2001 | 2 | 1 | F 3 | neg at day 6 | [64] |
| USA | 2005 | 1 and 8 | 1 | F 3 | [66] | |
| USA | 2006 | 1 | 3 | A | [68] | |
| 5, 7, 8, 12 | 1 (patient B) | A | ||||
| 25 | 1 | A | neg at day 41 | |||
| Finland | 2006 | 1 | 1 | E | [69] | |
| USA | 2007 | 3 | 2 4 | A | [70] | |
| 4, 9, 18, 25 | neg 6 4 | |||||
| USA | 2007 | 3, 6 | 2 | F 3 | [71] | |
| USA | 2007 | 1, 3 | neg 5 | mild botulism E | [72] | |
| Finland | 2011 | 3 | 2 | B | [74] | |
| Japan | 2012 | 2 | 2 | A | [76] | |
| Italy | 2015 | 1 | 1 | B | [79] | |
| Germany | 2018 | 3 | 2 | A | [81] |
1 Dates of serum sampling known for 23 of the 28 toxin positive sera, 2 From a total of 87 serum samples for which date specimen was obtained, 3 C. baratii F, 4 Sera from 8 patients of the same outbreak, negative detection of BoNT in 6 sera. neg, negative.