Table 6.

Detection of BoNT in the serum of patients with botulism by intestinal colonization.

Country	Year	Patient Age	Days from Symptom Onset to Serum Sampling	BoNT in Serum	BoNT in Feces	Feces	References
USA	1978–1985	elderly	22	nd	B	C. botulinum B	[116]
			30	B	neg	C. botulinum B
			37	neg	nd	nd
		33	2	A	nd	C. botulinum A
		27	47	B	neg	C. botulinum B
		37	14	A	A	C. botulinum A
			21	neg	neg	C. botulinum A
USA	1985	37	11	A	A	C. botulinum A	[117]
			13	A	nd	C. botulinum A
USA	1988	67	3	A	A	nd	[115]
			5	A	A	C. botulinum A
			~20	neg	nd	C. botulinum A
Italy	1994	9	5	neg	nd	C. butyricum E	[118]
Italy	1997	56	30	A	neg	C. botulinum A	[95]
Japan	2003	12	2	A	A	C. botulinum Ab	[119]
Canada	2007	50	13	A	nd	C. botulinum A	[120]
France	2011	10		Ind 1	nd	C. butyricum E	[49]
USA	2017	43	12	A	nd	C. botulinum A	[121]
USA	2017	elderly	16	A 1	A	nd	[122]
USA	2017	27	78	neg	A	C. botulinum A	[123]
USA	2018	66	5	A	A	nd	[124]

¹ Toxin type undetermined. ² Detection of BoNT/A negative by mouse bioassay and positive by MALDI-TOF MS. nd, not done; neg, negative.