Table 7.

Detection of BoNT in the serum of patients with wound botulism.

Country	Year	Number of Patient’s Sera	Toxin-Positive Sera	BoNT Type				References
				A	B	E	ind
California	1951–1998	122	114	84%	12%		4%	[126]
California	1993–2006	37	22	20	2			[127]
California	2005–2007	73	50					[128]
Italy	1986–2015	6	5		5			[80]
UK	2000–2004	88	33	~90%	~10%			[125,129]
Germany	2005	4	2		2			[130]
Sweden	2006	1	0			1 1		[131]
France	2008	1	1		1			[47]
USA	2011	1	1	1				[132]
Germany	2016	1	1		1			[133]
USA	2017	1	1	1 2				[134]
Total		335	230

¹C. botulinum E detected in the wound by real time PCR, ² C. subterminale identified in wound culture.