Table 2.

Synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) from various fruit verities.

Fruit Common Name	Scientific Name	Biological Extract	Types of NPs synthesized	Reaction Temperature/Time	Morphology	Size	Stability	References
North Arcot	Syzygium alternifolium (Wt.) Walp	Whole fruit	Copper oxide	50 °C/2 h	Sphere	2–69 nm	Nd	[27]
Christ’s thorn jujube	Ziziphus spina-christi (L.)Willd	Pulp	Copper oxide	80 °C/ND	Sphere	5–20 nm	Nd	[28]
Caperberry	Capparis spinosa	Whole fruit	Copper oxide	60 °C/24 h	Sphere	17–41 nm	Nd	[29]
Citron	Citrus medica Linn.	Juice	Copper oxide	60–100 °C/ND	ND	10–60 nm	Nd	[54]
Strawberry	Fragaria ananassa	Whole fruit	Copper oxide	RT/1 h	Sphere	10–30 nm	Nd	[30]
Guava	Psidium guajava L	Whole fruit	Copper oxide	80 °C/2 h	Flakes	15–30 nm	15 days	[31]
Pomegranate	Punica granatum	Peel	Copper oxide	80 °C/10 min	Sphere	15–20 nm	Nd	[32]
Pomegranate	Punica granatum	Juice	Gold	RT/ND	Triangular, Pentagonal, Hexagonal and Sphere	23–36 nm	Nd	[35]
Wild orange	Citrus macroptera	Juice	Gold	40–50 °C/90 min	Sphere	7–25 nm	Nd	[55]
Longan	Euphoria longana Lam.	Juice	Gold	30 °C/30 min	Sphere	25 nm	Nd	[36]
Pomegranate	Punica granatum	Juice	Gold	RT/20 min	Irregular	100 nm	Nd	[37]
Pomelo	Citrus maxima	Juice	Gold	RT/5 min	Rod and Sphere	25.7 nm	Nd	[38]
Watermelon	Citrullus lanatus	Rind	Gold	RT/1 h	Sphere	20–140 nm	1 month	[39]
Plum	Prunus domestica	Whole fruit	Gold	RT/4 h	Sphere	4–38 nm	Nd	[40]
Pomegranate	Punica granatum	Juice	Silver	65 °C/1 min	Cubic	23 nm	Nd	[56]
Papaya	Carica papaya	Juice	Silver	NS	Sphere	75.68 nm	Nd	[41]
Chebulic myrobalan	Terminalia chebula	Whole fruit	Silver	RT/ND	Cubic	25 nm	Nd	[42]
Grape	Vitis vinifera	Whole fruit	Silver	RT/4 h	Sphere	30–40 nm	Nd	[57]
Indian gooseberry	Emblica officinalis	Pulp	Silver	RT/30 min	Sphere	15 nm	Nd	[43]
Indian gooseberry	Phyllanthus emblica	Pulp	Silver	65 °C/20 min	Sphere	19.8–92.8 nm	Nd	[44]
Fig	Ficus carica	Whole fruit	Silver	RT/24 h	Sphere	54–89 nm	Nd	[45]
Indian gooseberry	Phyllanthus emblica	Pulp	Silver	RT/ND	Cubic	19–45 nm	Nd	[46]
Black hawthorn	Crataegus pentagyna	Pulp	Silver	RT/2 h	Sphere	25–45 nm	Nd	[47]
Date palm	Phoenix dactylifera	Pulp	Silver	60 °C/20 min	Sphere	20–100 nm	Nd	[58]
Date palm	Phoenix dactylifera	Pulp	Silver	55 °C/10 min	Sphere	25–60 nm	Nd	[59]
Apple	Malus pumila	Pulp	Silver	80 °C/ND	Sphere	30.25 nm	Nd	[60]
Pomegranate	Punica granatum	Peel	Silver	RT/24 h	ND	5–50 nm	Nd	[61]
Banana	Musa paradisiaca	Peel	Silver	30 °C/ND	Sphere	23.7 nm	Nd	[62]
Banana	Musa paradisiaca	Peel	Silver	RT/30 min	Grain	34 nm	Nd	[63]
Orange	Citrus sinensis	Peel	Silver	90 °C/15 min	Sphere	7.36 nm	Nd	[64]
Apricot	Prunus armeniaca	Peel	Silver	NS	Rod	50 nm	Nd	[65]
Pomegranate	Punica granatum	Peel	Silver	RT/24 h	Sphere	20–40 nm	Nd	[66]
Pineapple	Ananas comosus	Peel	Silver	RT/24 h	Sphere	ND	Nd	[67]
Logan	Dimocarpus Longan Lour	Peel	Silver	80 °C/5 h	Cubic	9–32 nm	6 months	[68]
Pomelo	Citrus maxima	Juice	Zinc oxide	400 °C/5–10 min	Agglomerated	10–20 nm	Nd	[69]
Purple mangosteen	Garcinia mangostana	Pulp	Zinc oxide	70–80 °C/ND	Sphere	21 nm	Nd	[52]
Pomegranate	Punica granatum	Peel	Zinc oxide	80 °C/ND	Sphere and Hexagonal	32–81 nm	Nd	[70]
Pineapple	Ananas comosus	Juice	Zinc oxide	240 °C/5 min	ND	30–57 nm	Nd	[71]

RT—room temperature; ND—not defined; NS—not specified; Nd—not determined.