Upper panel: Overview on the expression of CD40L and its molecular targets and receptors in different cell types as well as potential interactions. Summarized from information in [52,61,62,63,64]. Lower panel: Effects on CD40–CD40L and alternative signaling on different cell types. VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; E-sel, E-selectin (CD62); vWF, von Willebrand factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; CD, cluster of differentiation; CD11a, integrin αL; CD11b, integrin αM; CD18, integrin Mac-1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; CCL, CC-chemokine ligand; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; CCR, CC chemokine receptor; VLA-5, fibronectin receptor; αIIbβ3, glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa (CD41/CD61), an integrin; MPs, microparticles; 5-HT, serotonin; β-TG, β-thromboglobulin. Summarized from table in [61] with permission. Contains images from Servier Medical Art by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.