Table 1.

Impact of CD40L–CD40 signaling on cardiovascular disease beyond atherosclerosis.

Species.	CVD Entity	Effect	Pathway	Ref
mouse	Atherosclerosis	Plaque initiation	CD40L-ULVWF	[71]
		Leucocyte recruitment/infiltration	CD40L-CD40 (ECs), VCAM-1	[72]
		Plaque destabilization/rupture	CD40L-Mac1	[73]
	Myocardial infarction	Thrombus stabilization/platelet activation	CD40L- αIIbβ3 Cd40L-CD40	[58]
	Arterial hypertension	Plaque formation	CD40L- dependent	[77]
	High-fat diet	Vascular inflammation	CD40L- dependent	[78]
human	Coronary artery disease	CD40 expression on endothelial cells, increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis	SNP rs1883832	[79]
	Acute coronary syndrome	Increased risk for death and recurrent MI	Elevated sCD40L levels in serum	[80]
	Myocardial infarction	Increased mortality	Elevated sCD40L levels in serum	[81]
	Heart failure	LV dysfunction	CD40L-CD40	[82]