| CLC | chloride channel |
| DEG | differentially expressed gene |
| DMG | differentially methylated gene |
| DMR | differentially methylated region |
| gDNA | genomic DNA |
| Gln/GS | glutamine synthetase |
| GO | Gene Ontology |
| KEGG | Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes |
| miRNA | microRNA |
| N | nitrogen |
| NIA | nitrate reductase |
| NPF | nitrate/peptide family |
| NRT | nitrate transporter |
| NO3− | nitrate |
| NUE | nitrogen use efficiency |
| NLA | nitrogen limitation adaptation |
| RT-qPCR | reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction |
| RSA | root system architecture |
| WGBS | whole genome bisulfite sequencing |