Figure 5.

Schematic representation of major steps of glycolysis and direct and indirect regulation of glycolytic enzymes (in light blue) via Akt. Direct regulation of glycolysis occurs via Akt-mediated phosphorylation of glycolytic enzymes, whereas indirect regulation takes place via Akt-mediated c-myc activation. Akt and c-myc mediated activation are indicated with green arrows, the metabolic pathway is indicated with black arrows and the generated metabolites are marked in red. Abbreviations: 1,3-bisphosphogylcerate (1,3-BPG), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), enolase (ENO1), Glycerine aldehyde phosphate (GAP), Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Glucose transporter (GLUT), Hexokinase 2 (HK2), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), NAD kinase (NADK), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), Phospho-fructo-kinase (PFK1), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1), transketolase (TKT).